Assess Your Knowledge Chapters 5-8

Question 1

the average adult needs about six hours of sleep a night

Answer 1

FALSE

Question 2

people move slowly through the first four stages of sleep but then spend the rest of the night in rem sleep

Answer 2

FALSE

Question 3

when we dream, our brains are much less active than when we are awake

Answer 3

FALSE

Question 4

sleep apnea is more common in thin than overweight people

Answer 4

FALSE

Question 5

night terrors usually last only a few minutes and are typically harmless

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

dreams often reflect unfulfilled wishes, as freudsuggested

Answer 6

FALSE

Question 7

activation-synthesis theory proposed that dreams results from incomplete neural signals being generated by the pons

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

rem sleep is triggered by the neurotransmisster acetylcholine

Answer 8

TRUE

Question 9

damage to the forebrain can eliminate dreams

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

recurrent dreams are extremely rare

Answer 10

FALSE

Question 11

college and university students rarely, if ever, report they hallucinate

Answer 11

FALSE

Question 12

OBEs are related to the ability to fantasize

Answer 12

TRUE

Question 13

many of the experiences associated with an NDE can be created in circumstances that have nothing to do with being “near death”

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

deja vu experiences often last for as long as an hour

Answer 14

FALSE

Question 15

a hypnosis induction greatly increases suggestibility beyond waking suggestibility

Answer 15

FALSE

Question 16

the effects of many drugs depend on the expectations of the user

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

alcohol is a central nervous system depressant

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

tobacco is the most potent natural stimulant drug

Answer 18

FALSE

Question 19

a causal link between marijuana and unemployment has been well established

Answer 19

FALSE

Question 20

drug flashbacks are common among people who use LSD

Answer 20

FALSE

Question 21

habituation to meaningless stimuli is generally adaptive

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

in classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) initially yields a reflexsive, automatic response

Answer 22

FALSE

Question 23

conditioning is generally most effective when the CS precedes the UCS by a short period of time

Answer 23

TRUE

Question 24

extinction is produced by the gradual “decay” of the CR over time

Answer 24

FALSE

Question 25

heroin addiction may sometimes be “broken” by dramatically altering the settings in which addicts inject the drug

Answer 25

TRUE

Question 26

in classical conditioning, responses are emitted; in operant conditioning, the’re elicited

Answer 26

FALSE

Question 27

negative reinforcement and punishment are superficially different, but they produce the same short-term effects on behaviour

Answer 27

FALSE

Question 28

according to two=process theory, the persistence of anxiety disorders can best be explained by operant conditioning, but not classical conditioning

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

the principle of partical reinforcement states that behaviours reinforced only some of the time extinguish more rapidly than behaviours reinforced continuously

Answer 29

FALSE

Question 30

we can reinforce less frequent behaviours with more frequent behaviours

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

according to skinner, animals don’t think or experience emotions

Answer 31

FALSE

Question 32

proponents of latent learning argue that reinforcement isn’t necessary for learning

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

research on observvational learning demonstrates that children can learn aggression by watching aggressive role models

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

there’s no good research evidence for insight learning

Answer 34

FALSE

Question 35

many conditioned taste aversions are acquired in only a single trial

Answer 35

TRUE

Question 36

most research suggests that the assumption of equipotentiality is false

Answer 36

TRUE

Question 37

the phenomenon of preparedness helps explain why virtually all major phobias are equally common in the general population

Answer 37

FALSE

Question 38

with progressively more reinforcement, animals typically drift further and further away fro their instinctive patterns of behavious

Answer 38

FALSE

Question 39

sleep-assisted learning techniques work only if subjects stay completely asleep during learning

Answer 39

FALSE

Question 40

the few positivie results for accelerated leanring in the SALTT program may be sue to placebo effects

Answer 40

TRUE

Question 41

discover learning tends to be more efficient than direct instruction for solving most scientific problems

Answer 41

FALSE

Question 42

there’s little evidence that matching teaching methods to people’s learning styles enhances learning

Answer 42

FALSE

Question 43

most of us can accurately recognize thousands of faces we’ve seen only a few days earlier

Answer 43

TRUE

Question 44

memory is more reconstructive than reproductive

Answer 44

TRUE

Question 45

the major reason for forgetting information from short-term memory appears to be the decay of memories

Answer 45

FALSE

Question 46

chunking can permit us to greatly increase the number of digits or letters we hold in our short-term memory

Answer 46

TRUE

Question 47

information in long-term memory often lasts for years or decades

Answer 47

TRUE

Question 48

we encode virtually all of our life experience, even though we can’t retrieve more than a tiny proportion of them

Answer 48

FALSE

Question 49

we need to practise mnemonics to use them successfully

Answer 49

TRUE

Question 50

schemas only distort memories, but don’t enhance them

Answer 50

FALSE

Question 51

in general, recall is more difficult than recognition

Answer 51

TRUE

Question 52

cramming for exams, although stressful, is actually a good strategy for enhancing long term recall of material

Answer 52

FALSE

Question 53

long-term potentiation appears to play a key role in learning

Answer 53

TRUE

Question 54

the hippocampus is the site of the engram

Answer 54

FALSE

Question 55

memory recover from amnesia is usually quite sudden

Answer 55

FALSE

Question 56

explicit and implicit memory are controlled by the same brain structure

Answer 56

FALSE

Question 57

alzheimer’s disease is only one cause of dementia

Answer 57

TRUE

Question 58

most young children underestimate their memory abilities

Answer 58

FALSE

Question 59

children as young as 2 months have implicit memoreis of their experiences

Answer 59

TRUE

Question 60

most adults can accurately recall events that took place before they were 3 years old

Answer 60

FALSE

Question 61

one explanation for infantile amnesia is that the hippocampus is only partially developed in infancy

Answer 61

TRUE

Question 62

flashbulb memories almost never change over time

Answer 62

FALSE

Question 63

people sometimes find it difficult to tell the difference between a true and a false memory

Answer 63

TRUE

Question 64

it is almost impossible to create false memories of complex events, like undergoing a painful medical procedure

Answer 64

FALSE

Question 65

one powerful way of creating false memories is to show people fake photographs of events that didn’t happen

Answer 65

TRUE

Question 66

repeatedly asking children if they were abused leads to more accurate answers than asking them only once

Answer 66

FALSE

Question 67

fast and frugal processing almost always leads to false conclusions

Answer 67

FALSE

Question 68

concepts are a form of cognitive economy because they don’t reply on any specific knowledge or experience

Answer 68

FALSE

Question 69

assuming that someone must play basketball because he or she is extremely tall is an example of the availability heuristic

Answer 69

TRUE

Question 70

humans are typically biased to consider base rates when calculating the likelihood that something is true

Answer 70

FALSE

Question 71

top-down processing involves drawing inferences from previous experiuence and applying them to current situations

Answer 71

TRUE

Question 72

decision making is always an implicit process subtly influenced by how we frame the problem

Answer 72

FALSE

Question 73

performing careful analysis of pros and cons is typically most useful when making decisions about emotional preferences

Answer 73

FALSE

Question 74

neuroeconomics has the potential to use brain imaging to identify personality differences and psychiatric disorders

Answer 74

TRUE

Question 75

comparing problems that require simular reasoning processes but different surface characteristics can help us overcome deceptive surface similarities

Answer 75

TRUE

Question 76

functional fixedness is a product of Western technology-dependent society

Answer 76

FALSE

Question 77

nonstandard dialects or english follow syntactic rules that differ from but are just as valid as the rules of standard canadian english

Answer 77

TRUE

Question 78

children’s two-word utterances typically violate syntactic rules

Answer 78

FALSE

Question 79

children who are deaf learn to sign at an older age than hearing children who are learing to talk

Answer 79

FALSE

Question 80

bilingual individuals usually have one dominant language which they learned earlier in development

Answer 80

TRUE

Question 81

few nonhuman animal communication systems involve exchanges of information beyond the here and now

Answer 81

TRUE

Question 82

we can’t determine whether the fine distinctions the inuit make among different kinds of snow are a cause or consequence of the many terms for snow in their language

Answer 82

TRUE

Question 83

neuroimaging studies suggest that thought can’t occur without language

Answer 83

FALSE

Question 84

according to the sapir-whorf hypothesis, all aspects of thinking are slightly, but not strongly, influenced by language

Answer 84

FALSE

Question 85

people who speak languages that lack terms for distinguishing colours can’t tell these colours apart

Answer 85

FALSE

Question 86

the Stroop color-naming task demonstrates that reading is automatic

Answer 86

TRUE

Question 87

phonetic decomposition is a straight-forward linking of printed letters to phonemes

Answer 87

FALSE

Question 88

whole word recognition is the most efficient reading strategy for fluent readers and the best way to teach children to read

Answer 88

FALSE

Question 89

increasing our reading speed can increase our comprehension as long as we stay under 400 words per minute

Answer 89

TRUE