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BIOL 319 > Chapter 6&7: The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 6&7: The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

list the functions of the skeletal system

A
  • organ protection
  • mineral storage
  • body movement
  • blood cell production
  • body support
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2
Q

describe this skeletal system function: organ protection

A

bone surrounds and protects vulnerable organs and structures (brain, heart, lungs, etc.)

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3
Q

describe this skeletal system function: mineral storage

A
  • bone serves as a storage location for minerals including calcium and phosphorus (in phosphate)
  • Ca2+, PO43+
  • calcium and phosphate salt makes the bones hard
  • the bones can store and give to blood in a regulated way
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4
Q

describe this skeletal system function: body movement

A
  • bone works with muscles and ligaments to produce body movements
  • muscular system produces the force, skeletal system anchors muscles and is what is actually being moved
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5
Q

describe this skeletal system function: blood cell production

A
  • bone houses red bone marrow which gives rise to all blood cells
  • all bones have blood cell forming tissue (red bone marrow)
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6
Q

describe this skeletal system function: body support

A
  • bone’s dense makeup is well suited for bearing the body’s weight
  • bone is hard and does to bend allowing it to bear weight
  • skeletal system is a scaffold: rigid structure that all soft structures can attach to
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7
Q

what are the two part of the skeleton

A
  • axial skeleton
  • appendicular skeleton
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8
Q

define axial skeleton

A

a vertical axis for the system

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9
Q

define appendicular skeleton

A

bones that form the appendages and the girdles

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10
Q

describe why the hyoid bone is special

A

it is the only bone that doesn’t connect to any other bone

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11
Q

what important structure originates at the hyoid bone

A
  • tongue muscles
  • important for swallowing and talking
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12
Q

what are the parts of the hip

A
  • sacrum
  • pubic bone (ilium, ischium, pubis)
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13
Q

what is the term for a single side of the pelvis

A

os coxa

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14
Q

what is the term for both sides of the pelvis

A

os coxae

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15
Q

what are the three regions of the pelvis

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
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16
Q

when do the ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse to form one solid bone

A

around the age of 10-12

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17
Q

what is the purpose of girdles (pelvic and shoulder)

A

connect appendages to the axial skeleton

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18
Q

what are the components of the shoulder girdle

A
  • clavicle
  • scapula
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19
Q

what is the most often broken bone in the body

A

clavicle

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20
Q

why is the clavicle the most often broken bone in the body

A
  • it is very superficial
  • when you fall on your arms, the clavicle takes a lot of the force
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21
Q

what are the main functions of the skull

A
  • protect the brain
  • house organs of special senses
  • provide place for intake of food and mastication (teeth, mandible, powerful muscles)
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22
Q

what are the two parts of the skull

A
  • cranium
  • facial bones
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23
Q

how many bones are in the cranium and how many are facial bones

A
  • cranium: 8 bones
  • facial bones: 14 bones
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24
Q

define skull

A

collection of bones within the cephalic region

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25
Q

how many bones are in the cephalon

A

22 bones (not including ossicles)

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26
Q

what is the difference between the cephalon and the cranium

A
  • cephalon: whole head made of 22 bones
  • cranium: 8 bones protecting the brain
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27
Q

what are the ossicles

A
  • 6 bones, 3 on each side of the temporal bone
  • make up the middle ear
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28
Q

describe the middle ear

A
  • airspace on each side of the temporal bone
  • each made of 3 ossicles
  • transmits soundwaves from the eardrum to the inner ear
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29
Q

what are the names of the discrete openings in the skull

A
  • foramina
  • fissures
  • canals
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30
Q

what is the purpose of foramina, fissures, and canals

A

provide passage for soft tissue structure (nerves, blood vessels)

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31
Q

which is singular and which is plural: foramina, foramen

A
  • foramina: plural
  • foramen: singular
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32
Q

describe how you would prepare a view of the floor of the cranium

A

cut off the skull cap (calvaria)

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33
Q

define calvaria

A

the skull cap

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34
Q

where do the first 4 cranial nerves all have at least 1 branch that runs through

A

superior orbital fissure

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35
Q

which cranial nerves run through the acoustic canals

A
  • facial nerve 7
  • vestibulocochlear nerve 8
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36
Q

which cranial nerves and structures run through the jugular foramen

A
  • internal jugular vein
  • glossopharyngeal nerve 9
  • vagus nerve 10
  • spinal accessory nerve 11
37
Q

what structures run through the carotid canal

A

internal carotid artery

38
Q

what structure runs through the foramen magnum

A

spinal cord

39
Q

is the spinal cord a nerve

A

no, it is part of the CNS

40
Q

which foramen run through the sphenoid bone

A
  • spinosum
  • rotundum
  • ovale
41
Q

are teeth bones

A
  • no
  • they are bone-like structures
  • organs
42
Q

define the nasal concha

A
  • flat plates of bone on both sides of the nasal cavity
  • superior, middle, and inferior concha on each side
  • lined with mucous membranes
43
Q

what is the function of the nasal concha

A
  • increase the surface area of the nasal cavity
  • allows for more entrapment of particles
  • easier to warm and humidify air when inhaling
44
Q

are there any perfect structures in the human body

A

no, evolution happens until a structure has more benefits than downsides

45
Q

describe sinuses

A
  • airspace within the skull
  • named after the bone that the sinus in embedded in
46
Q

what is the function of sinuses

A
  • lightens the front of the head
  • resonance chamber for sound
47
Q

describe the downside of sinuses

A
  • easily infected
  • drainage hole for sinuses to the nasal cavity is usually very small
48
Q

describe what happens when a sinus gets infected

A
  • the drainage hole shrinks allowing less fluid to exit, building pressure
  • voice may sound weird because sound cannot resonate through the sinus
49
Q

explain why the maxillary sinus is weird

A

it must drain upwards, against the flow of gravity

50
Q

describe the shape of the spine

A
  • elongated S shape
  • the spinal column sits on the dorsal side of the body
  • organs sit anterior to the spinal column
51
Q

why is the S shape of the spine important

A

the curve centers the weight of the body optimally over the hips

52
Q

describe how the spine is shaped differently at birth and why it changes

A
  • spine is a C shape when born
  • shifts to an S shape when the baby begins walking to match shift in the center of gravity
53
Q

what is the only vertebrae without a body

A

C1, atlas

54
Q

what happens to the size of the body of the vertebrae as you move down the spinal column and why

A
  • the body of the vertebrae gets larger as you move from cervical to thoracic to lumbar vertebrae
  • the larger body size is important for the spine to carry the weight above it
55
Q

what is another name for the first and second cervical vertebrae

A
  • C1, atlas
  • C2, axis
56
Q

how many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx vertebrae are there

A
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 4 coccyx
57
Q

describe how the sacral and coccyx vertebrae are different than other vertebrae

A
  • they are unfused early in life
  • they fuse later in life
58
Q

what does the C1, atlas vertebrae articulate with

A
  • occipital bone
  • holds the head
59
Q

what are the visible bumps on someone’s back

A

spinous processes of vertebrae

60
Q

what are the 5 types of bones

A
  • long bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
  • short bones
  • sesamoid bones
61
Q

describe the characteristics of long bones

A
  • longer than they are wide
  • most of the length is straight and cylindrical
  • have at least 1 bulge at the end of the shaft
62
Q

examples of long bones

A
  • femur
  • humerus
  • distal phalanx of pinky
63
Q

describe the characteristics of flat bones

A

mostly or completely flat

64
Q

examples of flat bones

A
  • sternum
  • occipital bone
  • parietal bones
  • ribs
65
Q

describe the characteristics of irregular bones

A
  • do not fit into any other categories
  • no specific geometric shape
66
Q

examples of irregular bones

A
  • sphenoid bone
  • vertebrae
  • ischium
  • ilium
  • pubis
67
Q

describe the characteristics of short bones

A
  • boxy shaped
  • as long as they are wide
68
Q

examples of short bones

A

carpals in wrist

69
Q

describe the characteristics of sesamoid bones

A
  • seed shaped
  • all develop within a tendon
70
Q

examples of sesamoid bones

A
  • patella
  • some bones in the hands and feet that are variable in umber between people
71
Q

describe the characteristic that made sesamoid bones different from short bones

A

all sesamoid bones develop within a tendon

72
Q

what is a synonym of compact bone

A

cortical bone

73
Q

describe compact/cortical bone

A
  • looks like solid bone
  • the outermost layer of bones, the surface you see
  • composed of multiple osteons
74
Q

describe osteons

A
  • cylinders going up and down the diaphyseal wall of compact bone
  • anatomical unit of compact bone
  • made of concentric rings/lamellae, osteocytes in lacunae, haversian canal
75
Q

which is singular and which is plural: lamella, lamellae

A
  • singular: lamella
  • plural: lamellae
76
Q

which is singular and which is plural: lacuna, lacunae

A
  • singular: lacuna
  • plural: lacunae
77
Q

define lacunae

A
  • little spaces within an osteon
  • each space contains 1 osteocyte
78
Q

what is the most prevalent bone cell in the living skeleton

A

osteocyte

79
Q

define the central/haversian canal

A
  • canal running up and down the diaphyseal wall of bone
  • within an osteon
  • contains an artery, vein, nerve
  • how blood can get to osteocytes
80
Q

what type of tissue is bone tissue

A

connective tissue

81
Q

does bone tissue have more cells or more extracellular matrix

A
  • mostly extracellular matric
  • little cells
82
Q

describe canaliculu

A
  • small canals radiating in all directions from lacunae
  • connect to haversian canals
  • get nutrients to osteocytes
83
Q

describe interstitial lamellae

A

lamellae between the concentric lamellae of osteons

84
Q

describe circumferential lamellae

A
  • lamellae around the circumference of the bones
  • closest to the periosteum
85
Q

describe the perforating/volkmanns canal

A
  • canals running perpendicular to haversian canals
  • start from the periosteum and connect to haversian canals
  • how blood vessels and nerves move from outside the bone to the haversian canals inside the bone
  • can connect 2 haversian canals to each other
86
Q

define periosteum

A

the connective tissue surrounding all living bone

87
Q

what are the functions of the periosteum

A
  • scaffolding that allows blood vessels and nerves to move through the bone
  • creates osteoblasts and houses them on the inner surface of the periosteum
  • attachment site for tendons and ligaments
88
Q

describe bruised bone

A
  • the nerves and blood vessels of the periosteum has been damaged
  • not broken bone

BIOL 319 (13 decks)

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