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BIOL 319 > Chapter 1: The Human Organism > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Human Organism Flashcards

1
Q

define anatomy

A

the scientific study of the structure of the body

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2
Q

what is included in structure when referring to anatomy

A
  • size
  • shape
  • volume
  • materials
  • connections
  • orientation
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3
Q

list the different levels of learning anatomy

A
  • gross (systemic and regional)
  • histology
  • cytology
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4
Q

define gross anatomy

A
  • large body structures that can be seen with the naked eye
  • can be learnt systemically or regionally
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5
Q

define systemic gross anatomy

A

learning anatomy through systems of grouped structures (body systems)

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6
Q

how many body systems are there

A

12

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7
Q

define regional gross anatomy

A

learning anatomy of all systems existing in a specific region (body cavity)

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8
Q

what appraoch to learning anatomy is traditionally used in med schools

A

regional

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9
Q

what equipment is needed to study histology

A

light microscope

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10
Q

define histology

A
  • study of tissues (groups of identical cells)
  • identifying tissues by their structure
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11
Q

what is the highest magnification from a light microscope

A

1000x

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12
Q

what was invented in the 1930s to 1950s that allows researchers to view the internal structure of cells with millions of times of magnification

A

electron microscope

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13
Q

define cytology

A

the study of the cell and its intracellular ultrastructure

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14
Q

define physiology

A

the scientific study of the function of the body

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15
Q

what is included in function when referring to physiology

A
  • how does it work
  • how does it do its job
  • what are the steps
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16
Q

what is the significance of the name of the course: integrated human anatomy and physiology

A
  • integrated
  • anatomy and physiology are related and taught at the same time
  • structure matches function, function depends on structure
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17
Q

what are the 6 levels that anatomy and physiology can be studied at

A
  • chemical
  • cell
  • tissue
  • organ
  • organ system
  • organism
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18
Q

what are the main elements that compose the human body

A
  • COHN
  • # 1 = oxygen
  • # 2 = carbon
  • # 3 = hydrogen
  • # 4 = nitrogen
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19
Q

what percent of humans are water

A

67%

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20
Q

what main elements are macromolecules made of

A
  • O
  • C
  • H
  • N
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21
Q

what are some other elements other than COHN that compose the human body

A
  • Ca
  • P
  • K
  • S
  • Na
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22
Q

what are the four macromolecules

A
  • nucleic acids
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids
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23
Q

describe a smooth muscle cell

A
  • small
  • single nucleus
  • spindle shaped
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24
Q

where is smooth muscle tissue found

A

lining internal organs (ex: urinary bladder)

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25
Q

what are the 4 layers of the urinary bladder

A
  • epithelium
  • elastic connective tissue
  • smooth muscle tissue
  • connective tissue (stronger than elastic)
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26
Q

define organ

A
  • composed of at least 2 types of tissue types
  • structure that can perform its own unique function
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27
Q

define organ system

A
  • organ relating to each other anatomically and/or physiologically
  • function together to achieve an outcome
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28
Q

describe the function of the urinary/excretory system

A
  • kidneys filter excess ions and toxins out of the blood and make urine
  • ureters bring urine to the bladder with tubes made of smooth muscle that keeps urine flowing in one direction
  • bladder holds urine until its ready to be expelled
  • urethra brings urine to the outside of the body
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29
Q

are organ systems completely independent of each other

A
  • no
  • each system depends on other systems to create an organism
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30
Q

which two body systems regulate all 12 body systems

A
  • nervous system
  • endocrine system
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31
Q

describe the endocrine system

A
  • made of glands that produce hormones
  • regulates physiology of tissues and organs
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32
Q

describe the nervous system

A
  • receives impulses from stimulus
  • sends impulse directly to the target tissue
    for a reaction
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33
Q

describe the speed of the nervous and endocrine system

A
  • nervous system: very fast
  • endocrine system: slower than nervous system
34
Q

what is the fastest response time from the endocrine system

A
  • multiple seconds
  • can be up to hours or days
35
Q

describe why regulation is important

A

things must be controlled in the body for it to work correctly and keep you alive and healthy

36
Q

define homeostasis

A

many physiological variables must be kept within well-defined narrow limits enforced by physiological control systems

37
Q

what are diseases caused by

A

failure to maintain homeostasis

38
Q

list examples of variables that need homeostasis

A
  • pH of blood and other fluids
  • body temperature
  • blood glucose
  • blood gases
  • blood pressure
39
Q

what is the set point for blood pH

A

7.4

40
Q

what is the set point for body temperature (F and C)

A
  • 98.6 F
  • 37 C
41
Q

what hormone regulates blood glucose

A

insulin

42
Q

what does insulin do

A
  • keeps blood glucose from going too high after a meal
  • maintains glucose levels despite varying food intake throughout the day
43
Q

what are the blood gases

A
  • CO2
  • O2
44
Q

describe the significance of Claude Bernard

A
  • 19th century French researcher
  • first described that animals need a constant internal environment (milieu)
  • aka homeostasis
45
Q

describe the significance of Walter Canon

A
  • MD and Harvard professor
  • did rigorous and expansive experiments on animals regarding control systems keeping multiple variables within a range (homeostasis)
  • coined the term homeostasis
46
Q

what are famously homeostatically regulated

A

electrolytes

47
Q

is the regulation of the concentration of electrolytes inside and outside the cell the same or different

A

different concentration limits for electrolytes that are intracellular vs extracellular

48
Q

what is an example of an electrolyte having different concentration limits intracellularly vs extracellularly

A

sodium (Na+) is more concentrated outside of the cell than inside of the cell

49
Q

define ion

A

an atom of an element with more/less electrons than protons

50
Q

list common electrolytes in the body

A
  • calcium (Ca2+)
  • sodium (Na+)
  • chloride (Cl-)
  • potassium (K+)
  • phosphate (PO43-)
  • bicarbonate (HCO3-)
  • magnesium (Mg2+)
  • sulfate (SO42-)
  • hydronium (H+)
51
Q

what type of ion is a calcium ion

A
  • Ca2+
  • divalent cation
52
Q

what type of ion is a sodium ion

A
  • Na+
  • monovalent cation
53
Q

what type of ion is a chloride ion

A
  • Cl-
  • monovalent anion
54
Q

what type of ion is a potassium ion

A
  • K+
  • monovalent cation
55
Q

what type of ion is a phosphate ion

A
  • PO43-
  • molecular ion
56
Q

what type of ion is a bicarbonate ion

A
  • HCO3-
  • molecular ion
57
Q

what type of ion is a magnesium ion

A
  • Mg2+
  • divalent cation
58
Q

what type of ion is a hydronium ion

A
  • H3O+ (H+)
  • molecular ion
59
Q

what type of ion is a sulfate ion

A
  • SO42-
  • molecular ion
60
Q

what is the full and shortened notation of a hydronium ion

A
  • H3O+
  • H+
61
Q

what is the general function of bicarbonate ions

A
  • equilibrium of acids and bases in the blood
  • controls CO2 levels
62
Q

describe negative feedback

A
  • impulses from regulatory systems diminish the value of a variable back toward the set point
  • if the signal gets too high, it is pushed back down; if the signal gets too low, it is pushed back up
63
Q

define the signal in negative feedback

A
  • the variable right now - the set point for that variable (absolute value)
  • aka deviation
  • always positive
  • is a function of the variable
64
Q

what is the signal if your temperature is 99.6 F and the set point is 98.6 F

A
  • signal = current variable - set point
  • signal = 99.6 - 98.6 = 1
  • signal = 1 degree
65
Q

define set point

A

the ideal average value for a given variable

66
Q

describe why negative feedback is called negative feedback

A
  • the signal is always positive and is always working to go back to 0 (moving in negative direction)
  • the components of negative feedback work to diminish (negatively affect) the deviation (signal, always positive)
67
Q

list the components of negative feedback

A
  • the variable in question
  • the signal (current value, set point)
  • receptor
  • controller
  • effector
68
Q

does negative feedback kick in anytime the signal is not 0

A
  • not always
  • there is usually a minimum value the signal must be to invoke negative feedback
  • range around the set point
69
Q

what are the physical components of negative feedback

A
  • receptor
  • controller
  • effector
70
Q

describe the receptor in negative feedback

A
  • receives/measures the value of a variable
  • specific to one variable
  • has a close relationship with the controller
71
Q

describe the controller in negative feedback

A
  • the brains of the operation
  • receives information from the receptor
  • has the set point for a specific variable memorized
  • calculates the signal ad decides if a reaction should happen
  • sends a command to the correct effector
72
Q

describe the effector in negative feedback

A
  • receives direction from the controller and does what it says
  • decreases the signal
73
Q

describe the receptor, controller, and effector in terms of the temperature in your house

A
  • receptor: thermometer
  • controller: thermostat
  • effector: air conditioning, heater
74
Q

how high does your temperature usually get before negative feedback is invoked

A

99.9 F

75
Q

what are the receptors for body temperature

A
  • nerve endings in the integumentary system that react only to temperature change and detect changes in the temperature of the environment
  • receptors in the hypothalamus of the brain that learn the temperature of the blood running through the hypothalamus
76
Q

what is the volume of the hypothalamus

A

end of pinky

77
Q

what components of negative feedback for body temperature are in the hypothalamus

A
  • receptors
  • controller
78
Q

define nuclei in the brain

A

groups of many neurons that have the same job

79
Q

what are the controllers for body temperature

A

2 nuclei (groups of neurons) in the hypothalamus

80
Q

what structure in the brain is the hypothalamus connected to

A

pituitary gland

81
Q

what are the effectors for body temerpature

A
  • tiny nerve endings stimulating eccrine sweat glands
  • blood vessels near the surface of the skin
82
Q

describe what the effectors do when you get too hot

A
  • tiny nerve endings stimulate eccrine sweat glands to sweat (evaporative cooling)
  • smooth muscle (sphincters) in blood vessels near the surface of the skin will dilate (radiative cooling)

BIOL 319 (13 decks)

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