Chapter 6 Flashcards
how does the communication process work?
The sender initiates a message (speech) by encoding. The channel is the medium through which the message travels. The send selects it, determining whether to use formal or informal channel.
communication channels established by an organization to transmit messages related to the professional activities of members.
formal channels
communication channels that are created spontaneously and that emerge as responses to individual choices
informal channels
the medium through which a message travels
channel
undue tension and anxiety about oral communication, written communication, or both
communication apprehension
the amount of information that can be transmitted during a communication episide
channel richness
what are the barriers to communication (8)
filtering, selective perception, defensiveness, emotion, information overload, language, silence, nonverbal communication
a senders manipulation of information so that it will be seen more favourable by the receiver.
filtering
receivers in the communication process selectively see and hear based on their needs, motivations, experience, background, and other personal characteristics
selective perception
when people feel that they are being threatened, they tend to react in ways that reduce their ability to achieve mutual understanding.
defensiveness
may interpret the same message differently when you are angry or distraught than when you are happy.
emotion
the state of having more information than one can process
information overload
messages conveyed through body movements, facial expressions, and the physical distance between the sender and reciever
nonverbal communication
What are the 5 current issues in communication?
Email, instant messaging, text messaging, social networking and blogs
issues with email?
misinterpreting the message, communicating negative messages, time-consuming nature of email, email emotions privacy concerns
issues with instant messaging and text messages
only short messages, get distracting, not as professional.
issues with social networking
people get annoyed with too many posts, employers check profiles, not private
a website where entries are written, and generally displayed in reverse chronological order, about news, events, and personal diary entries,
Blog (web log)
conflict that supports the goals of the group and improves its performances
functional conflict
conflict that hinders group performance
dysfunctional conflict
what makes functional and dysfunctional different?
group preformance
what are the 5 conflict management strategies?
forcing, problem solving, avoiding, yielding and compromising
imposing ones will on the other
forcing
trying to reach an agreement that satisfies both ones own and the other party’s aspirations as much as possible
problem solving
ignoring or minimizing the importance of the issues creating the conflict
avoiding
accepting and incorporating the will of the other party
yielding
balancing concern for oneself with the concern for the other party in order to reach a solution
compromising
conflict management solutions (5)
problem solving, developing overarching goals, smoothing, compromising and avoidance
requesting a face to face meeting to identify the problem and resolve it through open discussion
problem solving
creating a shared goal that requires both parties to work together and motivates them to do so
developing overarching goals
playing down differences while emphasizing common interests with the other party
smoothing
agreeing with the other party that each will give up something of value to reach an accord
compromising
withdrawing from, or suppressing the conflict.
avoidance
the scarcity of a resource- say, money, promotion opportunities, office space- can create conflict. expansion of the resource can create a win-win solution
expansion of resources
management can use its formal authority to resolve the conflict and then communicate its desires to the parties involved
authoritative command
behavioural change techniques such as human relations training can alter attitudes and behaviours that can cause conflicts
altering the human variable
the formal organization structure and the interaction patterns of conflicting parties can be changed through job redesign, transfers, creation of coordinating positions and the like
altering the structural variables
what leads to personal conflict? (5)
- misunderstanding based on age, race, or cultural differences
- intolerance, prejudice, discrimination, or bigotry
- perceived inequities
- misunderstandings, rumours, or falsehoods about an individual or group
- blaming for mistakes or mishaps (finger-pointing)
what is the difference in conversation between men and women?
Men- a way to preserve independence and maintain status in a hierarchical social order.
Women- negotiations for closeness in which people try to and give comfort and support.
what are the cultural barriers to communication?
- barriers caused by semantics
- barriers caused by word connotations
- barriers caused by tone differences
- barriers caused by differences in perceptions
words that dont transfer from english to another language
barriers caused by semantics
words that mean different things in different languages
Barriers caused by word connotations
the different tones that people speak that differ from formal and informal
barriers caused by tone differences
people who speak different languages actually view the world differently
barriers caused by differences in perceptions
4 ways to overcome cross cultural difficulties
- assume differences until similarity is proven
- emphasize description rather than interpretation or evaluation
- be empathetic
- treat your interpretations
