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Geology 101 Lab > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

sediment

A

loose mineral grains such as clasts, shells and shell fragments, plant debris, and or mineral crystals precipitated from bodies of water

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2
Q

clasts

A

fragments or grains produced by weathering of a rock - boulders, pebbles, sand, silt

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3
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

forms at or near the Earth’s surface by the cementation and compaction of accumulated layers of different kinds of sediments

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4
Q

Weathering

A

the chemical and/or physical breakdown of preexisting rock

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5
Q

Weathering produces both

A

clasts and dissolved ions

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6
Q

dissolved ions

A

charged atoms or molecules in a water solution

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7
Q

cement

A

when ions precipitate from ground-water in the spaces between clasts forming cement which holds the clasts together

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8
Q

Physical weathering

A

breaks the rock into fragments but does not change the minerals that make up the rock

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9
Q

Chemical weathering

A

process which rock chemically reacts with air, water, and acidic solutions
involves chemical reactions
Generally reduces the number of minerals in sediments over time

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10
Q

chemical reactions

A

the breaking and forming of chemical bonds

can produce new minerals

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11
Q

unstable or nonresistant minreals

A

minerals that are easily weathered

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12
Q

stable or resistant minerals

A

those that can survive weathering

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13
Q

mineralogically immature

A

sediments that contain minerals which are susceptible to chemical weathering (unstable)

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14
Q

mineralogically mature

A

stable

sediments that contain minerals which are resistant to weathering

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15
Q

classes of rocks

A

clasts
chemical
biochemical
organic

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16
Q

Clastic sedimentary rocks

A

formed from clasts
texture in which discrete grains are held together by a chemical cement or very fined-grained clastic matrix
majority are silicate rocks

17
Q

weathering of clasts

A

reduces bedrock into a pile of loose (separate mineral) grains or loose clasts also known as detritus

18
Q

Erosion of clasts

A

water, air, glaciers

19
Q

lithification of clasts

A

loose sediment into solid rock through compaction and cementation

20
Q

compaction

A

when weight of an overlaying sediment squeezes out air or water pressing the clasts closer together

21
Q

diagenesis

A

application of pressure and the circulation of fluids overtime gradually change characteristics of sediments and sedimentary rock

22
Q

Chemical sedimentary rocks

A

form when water ions become oversaturated and excess ions bond together to form solid mineral grains

23
Q

cryptocrystalline rocks

A

grains are so small they look like porcelain

24
Q

Evaporites

A

chemical sedimentary rocks in thick deposits composed of crystals formed when salt water evaporates

25
Q

Travertine

A

rocks composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed from groundwater from hot or cold water springs or caves

26
Q

Biochemical sedimentary rocks

A

consist primarily of the remains of once-living organisms

27
Q

Organic sedimentary rocks

A

contain significant qualities of of the organic material from the soft, carbon rich parts of those organisms

28
Q

sorting

A

measure of the uniformity of grain size

29
Q

subrounded

A

smooth edges and corners

30
Q

sediment maturity

A

degree to which a sediment has evolved from a crushed-up version of the original rock into a sediment that has lost its easily weathered minerals and become well sorted and rounded

31
Q

beds

A

layers of sediments

32
Q

graded beds

A

layers in which the grain size decreases progressively from the bottom to the top

33
Q

asymmetric ripple marks

A

current that flowed from the gentle side toward the steep side

34
Q

symmetric ripple marks

A

have steep slopes on both sides from oscillating currents

Geology 101 Lab (12 decks)

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