Chapter 6 Flashcards
Absorption
The transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells
Adductors
Muscles that draw a body part (finger, leg) in toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity.
Adipose tissue
Special connective tissue considered fat, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body
Adrenal glands
Glands that secrete about 30 steroid hormones and control metabolic processes of the body, including the fight or flight response
Abductors
Muscles that draw a body part (leg, finger) away from the midline of the body or of an extremity.
Anabolism
Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones
Anatomy
The study of human body structure that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts
Angular artery
Artery that supplies blood to the side of the nose
Anterior auricular artery
Artery that supplies blood to the front part of the ear
Aorta
The body’s largest artery. The arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.
Arteries
Thick walled muscular and flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body
Arterioles
Small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries
Atrioventricular valves
ATV. valves which are designed to prevent the blood from flowing back into the pumping chamber
Atrium
Thin walled upper chamber of the heart through which blood is pumped to the ventricles.
Auricularis anterior
Muscly in front of the war that draws the ear forward
Auricularis posterior
Behind ear. Draws ear backward
Auricularis superior
Above ear. Draws ear upward
Auriculotemporal nerve
Nerve that affects the external ear and skin above temple, up to the top of the skull.
Autonomic nervous system
ANS. the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels and heart
Axon
The extension of a neuron through which impulses are sent away from the cell body to other neurons, glands or muscles
Belly
Middle part of a muscle
Biceps
Muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm.
Blood
Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove CO2 and waste from them
Blood vessels
Tube-like structures that transport blood to and from heart, and to various tissues of the body; includes arteries, Arterioles, capillaries, venues and veins
Body systems
Groups of bodily organs acting together to perform on or more functions. The human body has 11 body systems
Brachial artery
Located in upper arm, the brachial artery is a major blood vessel which runs down the arm and ends by dividing Ito the radial and ulnar arteries, which run down through forearm
Brain
Part of central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity and the power to think and feel
Brain stem
Structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain
Buccal nerve
Nerve that affects the muscles of the mouth
Buccinator
Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between lips
Capillaries
Tiny, thin walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to cell and take waste away
Cardiac muscle
The involuntary muscle that is the heart. This type of muscle is not found anywhere else in the body
Carpus
AKA wrist; a flexible joint composed of eight small bones held together by ligaments
Catabolism
The phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones, often resulting in the resulting in the release of energy to perform functions such as muscular efforts, secretions, or digestion.
Cell membrane
Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell
Cells
Basic unit of all living things; minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life.
Central nervous system
CNS; cerebrospinal nervous system; consistent of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.
Cerebrum
Makes up the bulk of the brain and is located in the front, upper part of the cranium.
Cerebellum
Lies at the base of the cerebrum and is attached to the brain stem; this term is Latin for “little brain”
Cervical cutaneous nerve
Nerve located at the side of the neck that affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone
Cervical nerves
Nerves that originate at the spinal cord, whose branches supply the muscles and scalp at the back of the head and neck; affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle
Cervical vertebrae
The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located in neck region
Circulatory system
Cardiovascular system. System that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels
Clavicle
Collarbone. Bone joining the sternum and scapula
Common carotid arteries
Arteries that supply blood to the face, head and neck.
Connective tissue
Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, and tendons. Examples of connective tissue are bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph and fat
Corrugator muscle
Facial muscle that draws eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead vertically
Cranium
Oval, bony case that protects the brain.
Cytoplasm
All protoplasm except protoplasm in nucleus; the watery fluid containing food for cell growth, reproduction, and self repair.
Defecation
Elimination of foods from the body.
Deltoid
Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body
Dendrites
Tree like branches on nerve cell. Carries impulses toward cell and receive impulses from other neurons.
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA. Blue print for genetic information. Controls function of cell
Depressor Anguilla oris
Aka triangularis muscle. Extends along side the chin pulls down corner of mouth
Depressor labi inferioris
Aka quadratus labii inferioris. Surrounds lower lip. Draws it to one side
Diaphragm
Muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing.
Diencephalon
Located in the uppermost part of midbrain. Consists of thalamus and hypothalamus
Digestion
Breakdown of food
Digestive enzymes
Chemicals needed to digest certain foods
Digestive system
From your mouth to butthole! The whole thing!
Digital nerve
Sensory motor nerve that supplies impulses to fingers
Eleventh cranial nerve
Aka accessory nerve. Motor nerve that controls neck and shoulder muscles
Endocrine glands
Aka ductless glands. Release secretions called hormones
Endocrine system
Glands that affect growth, sexual activities, and health of entire body
Epicranial aponeurosis
Tendon connecting the occipitalis and frontalis
Epicranius
Aka accipitofrontalis. Broad muscle that covers up top of skull
Epithelial tissue
Protective covering on body surfaces, such as skin/ mucus membranes
Ethmoid bone
Light spongy bone between eye sockets ghat form nasal cavities
Excretory system
Group organs that eliminate waste matter
Exhalation
Breathing outward. Release CO2
Exocrine glands
Aka duct glands. Sweat and oil glands
Extensors
Muscles that straighten wrist, hand and fingers
External carotid artery
Artery that supplies blood to anterior parts of scalp, ear, face, neck and side of head
External jugular vein
Located on side of neck. Carries blood to the heart
Facial artery
Supplies blood to lower face
Fifth cranial nerve
Chief sensory nerve, also motor nerve muscle that controls chewing
Flexors
Extensor muscles of the wrist, involved with flexing the wrist.
Frontal artery
Artery that supplies blood to the forehead and upper eyelids
Frontal bone
Bone forming the forehead
Frontalis
Front anterior portion of the epicranius; muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows
Glands
They remove certain elements from blood to convert them into new compounds. They secrete those compounds
Greater auricular nerve
Nerve at the sides of the neck affecting the face, ears, neck, parotid gland.
Greater occipital nerve
Located in the back of the head, affects scalp as far up as the top of the head
Heart
Muscular cone shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system
Hemoglobin
Iron containing protein in red blood cells that bind oxygen
Histology
Aka microscopic anatomy; the study of the structure and composition of tissue
Hormones
Secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or the body fluid to another part of the body, or a body organ, to stimulate functional activity or secretion, such as insulin, adrenaline and estrogen
Humerus
Uppermost and largest bone in the arm. Extending for the elbow to the shoulder
Hyoid bone
U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscle
Inferior labial artery
Supplies blood to lower lip
Infraorbital artery
Artery that originates from the internal maxillary artery and supplies blood to the eye muscles
Infraorbital nerve
Nerve that affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip and mouth
Infratrochlear nerve
Nerve that affects the membrane and skin of the nose
Ingestion
Eating
Inhalation
Breathing in through nose or mouth
Insertion
Point where the skeletal muscle is attached to a bone or other more moveable body part
Integumentary system
The skin and its accessory organs, such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails
Internal carotid artery
Artery that supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose and internal ear.
Internal jugular vein
Vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck
Interstitial fluid
Blood plasma found in the spaces between tissues
Joint
Connection between two or more bones of the skeleton
Kidneys
One of the organs which supports the excretory system by eliminating water and waste
Lacrimal bones
Small, thin bones located in the anterior medial walk of the orbits (eye sockets)
Lateral pterygoid
Muscles that coordinate with the masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid muscles to open and close mouth, bring jaw forward; chewing muscles
Latissimus dorsi
Large flat triangular muscle covering the lower back
Levator anguli oris
Caninus. A muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward.
Levator labii superioris
Muscle surrounding upper lip
Liver
One of the organs which supports the excretory system by removing toxic maste
Lungs
Spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one respiratory cycle
Lymph
Clear yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces f the body. Takes wast away from surrounding cells
Lymph capillaries
Lymphatic vessels that occur in clusters and are distributed throughout most of the body
Lymph nodes
Gland like structures found inside lymphatic vessels and help fight infection
Lymphatic/immune system
Lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph vessels
Mandible
Lower jaw bone
Mandibular nerve
branch of the fifth cranial nerve supplies blood to lower part of face
Masseter
One of the muscles that coordinate with temporalis, medical pterygoid and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring jaw forward
Maxillary
Forms upper jaw
Maxillary nerve
Branch of the fifth cranial nerve. Supplies blood to upper part of the face
Medial pterygoid
One of the muscles that coordinate with the masseter, temporalis, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward; sometimes referred to as chewing muscles
Median nerve
Nerve, smaller than the ulnar and radial nerves, that supplies the arm and hand
Melasma
Aka pregnancy mask: skin condition that is triggered by hormones that causes darker pigmentation in area such as the upper lip and around the eyes and cheeks
Mental nerve
Nerve that affects the skin of the lower lip and chin
Mentalis
Muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin
Metabolism
- Cells are nourished and carry out their activities 2. Humans/animals changing food into waste and getting nutrients from the food
Metacarpus
Aka Palm. Consists of five long slender bones called metacarpal bones
Middle temporal artery
Artery that supplies blood to the temples
Mitosis
Cells dividing into two new cells
Mitral valve
Aka bicuspid valve. A valve in which from the left atrium the blood flows through into the left ventricle
Motor nerves
Aka efferent nerves. Cary impulses from the brain to the muscle glands. These transmitted impulses produce movement
Muscular system
Body system that covers shapes and supports the skeleton tissue. Contracts and moves
Muscular tissue
Tissue that contracts and moves
Myology
Study of nature structure function and diseases of the muscles
Nasal bones
Bones that form the bridge of the nose
Nasal nerve
Nerve that affects the point and lower sides of nose
Nasalis muscle
Two-part muscle which covers the nose
Nerve tissue
Tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions
Nerves
Whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue through which impulses are transmitted
Nervous system
Body system composed of the brain spinal cord and nerves controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work harmoniously and efficiently
Neurology
The scientific study of the structure function and pathology of the nervous system
Neuron or nerve cell
Basic unit of nervous system
Nonstriated muscles
Aka involuntary muscles or smooth muscles. Function automatically without conscious will
Nucleoplasm
Fluid with in the nucleus of the cell that contains protein and DNA. Determines our genetic makeup
Nucleus
Sense active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. Plays an important part in cell reproduction
Occipital artery
Artery that supplies blood to the skin and muscles of the scalp and back of the head up to the crown
Occipital bone
Hindmost bone of skull
Occipitalis
Back of epicranius. Draws scalp backwards
Ophthalmic nerve
Branch of fifth cranial nerve. Supplies forehead upper eyelids and interior portion of the scalp
Orbicularis oculi
Ring muscle f the eye socket. Closes eyelid
Orbicularis oris
Flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips
Organelle
Small structures or mini organs with in a cell that have their own function
Organs
Structures composed of specialized tissues and performing specific functions in plants and animals
Origin
Part of the muscle that does not move. It is attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle
Os
Means bone. Prefix
Osteology
Study of anatomy, structure, and functions of bones
Ovaries
Function in sexual reproduction as well as determining make and female sexual characteristics
Palatine bone
Two bones that form the hard palate of the mouth
Pancreas
Secretes enzyme-producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbs, proteins and fats. The islet of langerhans cells within the pancreas control insulin and glucagon production
Parasympathetic division
Part of the autonomic nervous when system. It operates under normal no stressful situations. Helps restore you after stressful event
Parathyroid glands
Regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function regularly
Parietal artery
Artery that supplies blood to the side and crown of the head
Parietal bones
Bones that form the sides and top of the cranium
Pectoralis major and minor
Muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm
Percardium
Double layered membrane sac enclosing the heart. Made of epithelial tissue
Peripheral nervous system
PNS. System of nerves and ganglia that connects the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system. Has both sensory and motor nerves
Peristalis
Moving food along digestive tract
Phalanges
Fingers
Physiology
Study of body functions
Pineal gland
A gland located in the brain. Plays major role in sexual development
Pituitary gland
Found in center of head.
Plasma
Fluid part of blood
Platelets
Thrombocytes. Helps blood clot
Platysma
Muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin. For the jaw movement
Posterior auricular artery
Supplies blood to scalp above the eyes
Posterior auricular nerve
Affects the muscle behind the ear at the base of the skull
Procerus
Muscle that covers bridge of nose. Depresses wmeyebrows
Pronators
Muscles that turn the hand inward
Protoplasm
Colorless jelly like substance
Pulmonary circulation.
Send blood from heart to lungs to be cleaned. Then back to heart
Radial nerve
Supplies thumb side of arm and back of hand
Radius
Smaller bone. Thumb side
Red blood cells
Made in red bone marrow. Transports CO2 and O
Reflex
Automatic reaction
Reproductive system
Ya parts
Respiration
Getting rid of CO2 and getting O
Respiratory system
Lungs and air passages
Ribs
Twelve pairs of bones protecting lots of organs
Risorius
Grinning muscle
Scapula
Shoulder blade
Sensory nerves
Afferent nerves. Carries messages to the brain
Serratus anterior
Muscle of the chest that assists in breathing in and raising the arm
Seventh cranial nerve
Facial nerve. Chief motor nerve of the face. Emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck.
Skeletal system
All ya bones
Skin
Protective coating for body
Smaller occipital nerve
Lesser occipital nerve. Located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear
Sphenoid bone
Joins all bones of the cranium together
Spinal cord
Extends from the brain to the butt.
Sternocleidomastoid
SCM. muscle of the neck that depresses and rotates the head.
Sternum
Breast bone. In the middle for rib support
Striated muscles
Voluntary muscles
Submental artery
Supplies blood to chin and lower lip
Superficial temporal artery
Continuation of carotid nerve artery
Superior labial artery
Upper lip and region of the nose
Supinator
Muscle of forearm that rotates the radius outward and palm upward
Supraorbital artery
Upper eyelid and forehead
Supraorbital nerve
Forehead, scalp, eyebrow, upper eyelid
Sympathetic division
Part of ANS, stimulates activity in stressful situations
Systematic circulation
Heart>body>heart
Temporal bones
Forms side of head in ear region
Temporal nerve
Side of forehead, eyebrow, eyelid, and upper part of cheek
Temporalis muscle
A chewing muscle
Testes
Male organs
Thorax
All ya parts from sternum to bottom ribs, including spine
Thyroid gland
Controls how quickly the body burns energy, makes proteins
Tibial nerves
Division of sciatic nerve
Tissue
Collection of cells
Transverse facial artery
Skin and masseter
Trapezius
Muscle covering the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back
Triceps
Large muscle covering the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm
Tricuspid valve
Heart valve that prevents back flow
Turbinal bones
Spongy bone.
Ulna
Bone on the forearm on the pinky side
Ulnar artery
Supplies blood to ulna side of arm
Valves
Structures that close and shut
Vascular system
Heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries
Veins
Carry blood
Ventricle
Lower chamber of heart
Venules
Small vessels that connect the capillaries and drain into veins
Vomber bone
Part of nasal septum
White blood cells
Destroy bacteria
Zygomatic bones
Cheek bones
Zygomatic nerve
Affects the skin of the temple, side of forehead and upper part of cheek
Zygomaticus major and minor
Laughing and smiling muscles
