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Esthiology Freshman Block > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Absorption

A

The transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells

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2
Q

Adductors

A

Muscles that draw a body part (finger, leg) in toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity.

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3
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Special connective tissue considered fat, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body

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4
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Glands that secrete about 30 steroid hormones and control metabolic processes of the body, including the fight or flight response

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5
Q

Abductors

A

Muscles that draw a body part (leg, finger) away from the midline of the body or of an extremity.

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6
Q

Anabolism

A

Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones

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7
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of human body structure that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts

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8
Q

Angular artery

A

Artery that supplies blood to the side of the nose

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9
Q

Anterior auricular artery

A

Artery that supplies blood to the front part of the ear

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10
Q

Aorta

A

The body’s largest artery. The arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

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11
Q

Arteries

A

Thick walled muscular and flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body

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12
Q

Arterioles

A

Small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries

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13
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

ATV. valves which are designed to prevent the blood from flowing back into the pumping chamber

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14
Q

Atrium

A

Thin walled upper chamber of the heart through which blood is pumped to the ventricles.

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15
Q

Auricularis anterior

A

Muscly in front of the war that draws the ear forward

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16
Q

Auricularis posterior

A

Behind ear. Draws ear backward

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17
Q

Auricularis superior

A

Above ear. Draws ear upward

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18
Q

Auriculotemporal nerve

A

Nerve that affects the external ear and skin above temple, up to the top of the skull.

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19
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

ANS. the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels and heart

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20
Q

Axon

A

The extension of a neuron through which impulses are sent away from the cell body to other neurons, glands or muscles

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21
Q

Belly

A

Middle part of a muscle

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22
Q

Biceps

A

Muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm.

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23
Q

Blood

A

Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove CO2 and waste from them

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24
Q

Blood vessels

A

Tube-like structures that transport blood to and from heart, and to various tissues of the body; includes arteries, Arterioles, capillaries, venues and veins

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25
Q

Body systems

A

Groups of bodily organs acting together to perform on or more functions. The human body has 11 body systems

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26
Q

Brachial artery

A

Located in upper arm, the brachial artery is a major blood vessel which runs down the arm and ends by dividing Ito the radial and ulnar arteries, which run down through forearm

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27
Q

Brain

A

Part of central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity and the power to think and feel

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28
Q

Brain stem

A

Structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain

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29
Q

Buccal nerve

A

Nerve that affects the muscles of the mouth

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30
Q

Buccinator

A

Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between lips

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31
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny, thin walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to cell and take waste away

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32
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

The involuntary muscle that is the heart. This type of muscle is not found anywhere else in the body

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33
Q

Carpus

A

AKA wrist; a flexible joint composed of eight small bones held together by ligaments

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34
Q

Catabolism

A

The phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones, often resulting in the resulting in the release of energy to perform functions such as muscular efforts, secretions, or digestion.

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35
Q

Cell membrane

A

Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell

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36
Q

Cells

A

Basic unit of all living things; minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life.

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37
Q

Central nervous system

A

CNS; cerebrospinal nervous system; consistent of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.

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38
Q

Cerebrum

A

Makes up the bulk of the brain and is located in the front, upper part of the cranium.

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39
Q

Cerebellum

A

Lies at the base of the cerebrum and is attached to the brain stem; this term is Latin for “little brain”

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40
Q

Cervical cutaneous nerve

A

Nerve located at the side of the neck that affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone

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41
Q

Cervical nerves

A

Nerves that originate at the spinal cord, whose branches supply the muscles and scalp at the back of the head and neck; affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle

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42
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located in neck region

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43
Q

Circulatory system

A

Cardiovascular system. System that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels

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44
Q

Clavicle

A

Collarbone. Bone joining the sternum and scapula

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45
Q

Common carotid arteries

A

Arteries that supply blood to the face, head and neck.

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46
Q

Connective tissue

A

Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, and tendons. Examples of connective tissue are bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph and fat

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47
Q

Corrugator muscle

A

Facial muscle that draws eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead vertically

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48
Q

Cranium

A

Oval, bony case that protects the brain.

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49
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All protoplasm except protoplasm in nucleus; the watery fluid containing food for cell growth, reproduction, and self repair.

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50
Q

Defecation

A

Elimination of foods from the body.

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51
Q

Deltoid

A

Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body

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52
Q

Dendrites

A

Tree like branches on nerve cell. Carries impulses toward cell and receive impulses from other neurons.

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53
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA. Blue print for genetic information. Controls function of cell

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54
Q

Depressor Anguilla oris

A

Aka triangularis muscle. Extends along side the chin pulls down corner of mouth

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55
Q

Depressor labi inferioris

A

Aka quadratus labii inferioris. Surrounds lower lip. Draws it to one side

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56
Q

Diaphragm

A

Muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing.

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57
Q

Diencephalon

A

Located in the uppermost part of midbrain. Consists of thalamus and hypothalamus

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58
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of food

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59
Q

Digestive enzymes

A

Chemicals needed to digest certain foods

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60
Q

Digestive system

A

From your mouth to butthole! The whole thing!

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61
Q

Digital nerve

A

Sensory motor nerve that supplies impulses to fingers

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62
Q

Eleventh cranial nerve

A

Aka accessory nerve. Motor nerve that controls neck and shoulder muscles

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63
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Aka ductless glands. Release secretions called hormones

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64
Q

Endocrine system

A

Glands that affect growth, sexual activities, and health of entire body

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65
Q

Epicranial aponeurosis

A

Tendon connecting the occipitalis and frontalis

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66
Q

Epicranius

A

Aka accipitofrontalis. Broad muscle that covers up top of skull

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67
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Protective covering on body surfaces, such as skin/ mucus membranes

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68
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

Light spongy bone between eye sockets ghat form nasal cavities

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69
Q

Excretory system

A

Group organs that eliminate waste matter

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70
Q

Exhalation

A

Breathing outward. Release CO2

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71
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Aka duct glands. Sweat and oil glands

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72
Q

Extensors

A

Muscles that straighten wrist, hand and fingers

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73
Q

External carotid artery

A

Artery that supplies blood to anterior parts of scalp, ear, face, neck and side of head

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74
Q

External jugular vein

A

Located on side of neck. Carries blood to the heart

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75
Q

Facial artery

A

Supplies blood to lower face

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76
Q

Fifth cranial nerve

A

Chief sensory nerve, also motor nerve muscle that controls chewing

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77
Q

Flexors

A

Extensor muscles of the wrist, involved with flexing the wrist.

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78
Q

Frontal artery

A

Artery that supplies blood to the forehead and upper eyelids

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79
Q

Frontal bone

A

Bone forming the forehead

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80
Q

Frontalis

A

Front anterior portion of the epicranius; muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows

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81
Q

Glands

A

They remove certain elements from blood to convert them into new compounds. They secrete those compounds

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82
Q

Greater auricular nerve

A

Nerve at the sides of the neck affecting the face, ears, neck, parotid gland.

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83
Q

Greater occipital nerve

A

Located in the back of the head, affects scalp as far up as the top of the head

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84
Q

Heart

A

Muscular cone shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system

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85
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Iron containing protein in red blood cells that bind oxygen

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86
Q

Histology

A

Aka microscopic anatomy; the study of the structure and composition of tissue

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87
Q

Hormones

A

Secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or the body fluid to another part of the body, or a body organ, to stimulate functional activity or secretion, such as insulin, adrenaline and estrogen

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88
Q

Humerus

A

Uppermost and largest bone in the arm. Extending for the elbow to the shoulder

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89
Q

Hyoid bone

A

U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscle

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90
Q

Inferior labial artery

A

Supplies blood to lower lip

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91
Q

Infraorbital artery

A

Artery that originates from the internal maxillary artery and supplies blood to the eye muscles

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92
Q

Infraorbital nerve

A

Nerve that affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip and mouth

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93
Q

Infratrochlear nerve

A

Nerve that affects the membrane and skin of the nose

94
Q

Ingestion

A

Eating

95
Q

Inhalation

A

Breathing in through nose or mouth

96
Q

Insertion

A

Point where the skeletal muscle is attached to a bone or other more moveable body part

97
Q

Integumentary system

A

The skin and its accessory organs, such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails

98
Q

Internal carotid artery

A

Artery that supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose and internal ear.

99
Q

Internal jugular vein

A

Vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck

100
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Blood plasma found in the spaces between tissues

101
Q

Joint

A

Connection between two or more bones of the skeleton

102
Q

Kidneys

A

One of the organs which supports the excretory system by eliminating water and waste

103
Q

Lacrimal bones

A

Small, thin bones located in the anterior medial walk of the orbits (eye sockets)

104
Q

Lateral pterygoid

A

Muscles that coordinate with the masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid muscles to open and close mouth, bring jaw forward; chewing muscles

105
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

Large flat triangular muscle covering the lower back

106
Q

Levator anguli oris

A

Caninus. A muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward.

107
Q

Levator labii superioris

A

Muscle surrounding upper lip

108
Q

Liver

A

One of the organs which supports the excretory system by removing toxic maste

109
Q

Lungs

A

Spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one respiratory cycle

110
Q

Lymph

A

Clear yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces f the body. Takes wast away from surrounding cells

111
Q

Lymph capillaries

A

Lymphatic vessels that occur in clusters and are distributed throughout most of the body

112
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Gland like structures found inside lymphatic vessels and help fight infection

113
Q

Lymphatic/immune system

A

Lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph vessels

114
Q

Mandible

A

Lower jaw bone

115
Q

Mandibular nerve

A

branch of the fifth cranial nerve supplies blood to lower part of face

116
Q

Masseter

A

One of the muscles that coordinate with temporalis, medical pterygoid and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring jaw forward

117
Q

Maxillary

A

Forms upper jaw

118
Q

Maxillary nerve

A

Branch of the fifth cranial nerve. Supplies blood to upper part of the face

119
Q

Medial pterygoid

A

One of the muscles that coordinate with the masseter, temporalis, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward; sometimes referred to as chewing muscles

120
Q

Median nerve

A

Nerve, smaller than the ulnar and radial nerves, that supplies the arm and hand

121
Q

Melasma

A

Aka pregnancy mask: skin condition that is triggered by hormones that causes darker pigmentation in area such as the upper lip and around the eyes and cheeks

122
Q

Mental nerve

A

Nerve that affects the skin of the lower lip and chin

123
Q

Mentalis

A

Muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin

124
Q

Metabolism

A
  1. Cells are nourished and carry out their activities 2. Humans/animals changing food into waste and getting nutrients from the food
125
Q

Metacarpus

A

Aka Palm. Consists of five long slender bones called metacarpal bones

126
Q

Middle temporal artery

A

Artery that supplies blood to the temples

127
Q

Mitosis

A

Cells dividing into two new cells

128
Q

Mitral valve

A

Aka bicuspid valve. A valve in which from the left atrium the blood flows through into the left ventricle

129
Q

Motor nerves

A

Aka efferent nerves. Cary impulses from the brain to the muscle glands. These transmitted impulses produce movement

130
Q

Muscular system

A

Body system that covers shapes and supports the skeleton tissue. Contracts and moves

131
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Tissue that contracts and moves

132
Q

Myology

A

Study of nature structure function and diseases of the muscles

133
Q

Nasal bones

A

Bones that form the bridge of the nose

134
Q

Nasal nerve

A

Nerve that affects the point and lower sides of nose

135
Q

Nasalis muscle

A

Two-part muscle which covers the nose

136
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions

137
Q

Nerves

A

Whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue through which impulses are transmitted

138
Q

Nervous system

A

Body system composed of the brain spinal cord and nerves controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work harmoniously and efficiently

139
Q

Neurology

A

The scientific study of the structure function and pathology of the nervous system

140
Q

Neuron or nerve cell

A

Basic unit of nervous system

141
Q

Nonstriated muscles

A

Aka involuntary muscles or smooth muscles. Function automatically without conscious will

142
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Fluid with in the nucleus of the cell that contains protein and DNA. Determines our genetic makeup

143
Q

Nucleus

A

Sense active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. Plays an important part in cell reproduction

144
Q

Occipital artery

A

Artery that supplies blood to the skin and muscles of the scalp and back of the head up to the crown

145
Q

Occipital bone

A

Hindmost bone of skull

146
Q

Occipitalis

A

Back of epicranius. Draws scalp backwards

147
Q

Ophthalmic nerve

A

Branch of fifth cranial nerve. Supplies forehead upper eyelids and interior portion of the scalp

148
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

Ring muscle f the eye socket. Closes eyelid

149
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips

150
Q

Organelle

A

Small structures or mini organs with in a cell that have their own function

151
Q

Organs

A

Structures composed of specialized tissues and performing specific functions in plants and animals

152
Q

Origin

A

Part of the muscle that does not move. It is attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle

153
Q

Os

A

Means bone. Prefix

154
Q

Osteology

A

Study of anatomy, structure, and functions of bones

155
Q

Ovaries

A

Function in sexual reproduction as well as determining make and female sexual characteristics

156
Q

Palatine bone

A

Two bones that form the hard palate of the mouth

157
Q

Pancreas

A

Secretes enzyme-producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbs, proteins and fats. The islet of langerhans cells within the pancreas control insulin and glucagon production

158
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Part of the autonomic nervous when system. It operates under normal no stressful situations. Helps restore you after stressful event

159
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function regularly

160
Q

Parietal artery

A

Artery that supplies blood to the side and crown of the head

161
Q

Parietal bones

A

Bones that form the sides and top of the cranium

162
Q

Pectoralis major and minor

A

Muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm

163
Q

Percardium

A

Double layered membrane sac enclosing the heart. Made of epithelial tissue

164
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

PNS. System of nerves and ganglia that connects the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system. Has both sensory and motor nerves

165
Q

Peristalis

A

Moving food along digestive tract

166
Q

Phalanges

A

Fingers

167
Q

Physiology

A

Study of body functions

168
Q

Pineal gland

A

A gland located in the brain. Plays major role in sexual development

169
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Found in center of head.

170
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid part of blood

171
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes. Helps blood clot

172
Q

Platysma

A

Muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin. For the jaw movement

173
Q

Posterior auricular artery

A

Supplies blood to scalp above the eyes

174
Q

Posterior auricular nerve

A

Affects the muscle behind the ear at the base of the skull

175
Q

Procerus

A

Muscle that covers bridge of nose. Depresses wmeyebrows

176
Q

Pronators

A

Muscles that turn the hand inward

177
Q

Protoplasm

A

Colorless jelly like substance

178
Q

Pulmonary circulation.

A

Send blood from heart to lungs to be cleaned. Then back to heart

179
Q

Radial nerve

A

Supplies thumb side of arm and back of hand

180
Q

Radius

A

Smaller bone. Thumb side

181
Q

Red blood cells

A

Made in red bone marrow. Transports CO2 and O

182
Q

Reflex

A

Automatic reaction

183
Q

Reproductive system

A

Ya parts

184
Q

Respiration

A

Getting rid of CO2 and getting O

185
Q

Respiratory system

A

Lungs and air passages

186
Q

Ribs

A

Twelve pairs of bones protecting lots of organs

187
Q

Risorius

A

Grinning muscle

188
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder blade

189
Q

Sensory nerves

A

Afferent nerves. Carries messages to the brain

190
Q

Serratus anterior

A

Muscle of the chest that assists in breathing in and raising the arm

191
Q

Seventh cranial nerve

A

Facial nerve. Chief motor nerve of the face. Emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck.

192
Q

Skeletal system

A

All ya bones

193
Q

Skin

A

Protective coating for body

194
Q

Smaller occipital nerve

A

Lesser occipital nerve. Located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear

195
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

Joins all bones of the cranium together

196
Q

Spinal cord

A

Extends from the brain to the butt.

197
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

SCM. muscle of the neck that depresses and rotates the head.

198
Q

Sternum

A

Breast bone. In the middle for rib support

199
Q

Striated muscles

A

Voluntary muscles

200
Q

Submental artery

A

Supplies blood to chin and lower lip

201
Q

Superficial temporal artery

A

Continuation of carotid nerve artery

202
Q

Superior labial artery

A

Upper lip and region of the nose

203
Q

Supinator

A

Muscle of forearm that rotates the radius outward and palm upward

204
Q

Supraorbital artery

A

Upper eyelid and forehead

205
Q

Supraorbital nerve

A

Forehead, scalp, eyebrow, upper eyelid

206
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Part of ANS, stimulates activity in stressful situations

207
Q

Systematic circulation

A

Heart>body>heart

208
Q

Temporal bones

A

Forms side of head in ear region

209
Q

Temporal nerve

A

Side of forehead, eyebrow, eyelid, and upper part of cheek

210
Q

Temporalis muscle

A

A chewing muscle

211
Q

Testes

A

Male organs

212
Q

Thorax

A

All ya parts from sternum to bottom ribs, including spine

213
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Controls how quickly the body burns energy, makes proteins

214
Q

Tibial nerves

A

Division of sciatic nerve

215
Q

Tissue

A

Collection of cells

216
Q

Transverse facial artery

A

Skin and masseter

217
Q

Trapezius

A

Muscle covering the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back

218
Q

Triceps

A

Large muscle covering the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm

219
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Heart valve that prevents back flow

220
Q

Turbinal bones

A

Spongy bone.

221
Q

Ulna

A

Bone on the forearm on the pinky side

222
Q

Ulnar artery

A

Supplies blood to ulna side of arm

223
Q

Valves

A

Structures that close and shut

224
Q

Vascular system

A

Heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries

225
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood

226
Q

Ventricle

A

Lower chamber of heart

227
Q

Venules

A

Small vessels that connect the capillaries and drain into veins

228
Q

Vomber bone

A

Part of nasal septum

229
Q

White blood cells

A

Destroy bacteria

230
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

Cheek bones

231
Q

Zygomatic nerve

A

Affects the skin of the temple, side of forehead and upper part of cheek

232
Q

Zygomaticus major and minor

A

Laughing and smiling muscles

Esthiology Freshman Block (12 decks)

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