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Phlebotomy 170 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Circulatory System

A

– Transports oxygen and food to the cells of the body
– Removes waste products from cells to the excretory organs
– Aids in coagulation
– Assists in defending the body against disease
– Helps regulate body temperature

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2
Q

Circulatory system main components

A

Cardiovascular: heart, blood vessels, & blood
Lymphatic: lymph vessels, lymph nodes, & lymph

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3
Q

Heart structure

A

Muscular organ surrounded by a fluid-filled sac called the pericardium
Consists of two upper chambers called atria (singular atrium) and two lower chambers called ventricles
Has three layers* Epicardium – thin outer layer* Myocardium – muscular middle layer* Endocardium – thin inner layer

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4
Q

Coronary circulation

A

*Coronary arteries, right & left which carries oxygentated blood from the aorta to the heart muscle
* Damage or blockage of the coronary arteries can lead to ischemia (lack of oxygen) and myocardial infarction (“heart attack”)

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5
Q

coronary veins

A

Returns oxygen-poor blood from the heart muscle back to the heart

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6
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

One complete contraction (systole) & relaxation (diastole) of heart

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7
Q

Electrical conduction system

A

Specialized cells that initiate & distribute electrical impulses throughout the myocardium to coordinate cardiac cycle

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8
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Graphic recording of the heart’s electrical activity during the cardiac cycle

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9
Q

Origin of heart sounds

A

First sound is heard as the atrioventricular valves close as ventricles contract
Second sound is heard as the semilunar valves close as the ventricles relax

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10
Q

Heart rate

A

Number of beats per minute

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11
Q

Cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. Averages five litres per minute

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12
Q

pulse

A

palpable rhythmic throbbing caused by expansion and contraction of an artery as blood passes through it

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13
Q

Blood pressure

A

the force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels.
Usually measured in brachial artery of arm using sphygmomanometer
Measured in mm of mercury
Systolic and diastolic

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14
Q

Systolic

A

pressure in arteries during contraction of the ventricle

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15
Q

diastolic

A

pressure in the arteries during relaxation of the ventricles

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16
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A
  • Carries unoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to remove carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen via the pulmonary artery
  • Returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
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17
Q

Systemic circulation

A
  • Arteries carry oxygenated blood and nutrients from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
  • Veins return blood carrying carbon dioxide and other waste products to the right atrium
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18
Q

Arteries

A

conveys blood. aorta is largest

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19
Q

Arterioles

A

arteries branch into small arterioles which eventually junction with capillaries

20
Q

capillaries

A

forms the junction between arterioles and venules; microscopic, one cell thick allowing for gaseous exchange

21
Q

venules

A

forms a junction between capillaries and larger veins

22
Q

veins

A

largest is the vena cavae; longest is the great saphenous vein in the leg

23
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

outer layer of blood vessel; made up of connective tissue; thicker in arteries

24
Q

Tunica media

A

middle layer of blood vessel; made of smooth muscle; much thicker in arteries

25
Q

Tunica intima

A

inner layer or lining of blood vessel; single layer of endothelial cells with an underlying basement membrane, connective tissue layer, and an elastic internal membrane

26
Q

Lumen

A

Internal opening through which blood flows

27
Q

valves

A

thin, membranous leaflets composed of epithelium. Valves keep blood flowing toward the heart in one direction.

28
Q

antecubital fossa

A

the bend of the arm

29
Q

Best veins to draw from if the patient has H-shaped antecubital veins

A

Medial cubital vein
cephalic vein
basilic vein

30
Q

Best veins to draw from if the patient has M-shaped antecubital veins

A

Median vein (intermediate antebrachial vein being best)
median cephalic vein
median basilic vein

31
Q

Should veins from the underside of the wrist be drawn from?

A

No, they need to be avoided due to vasculature and enervation of the area

32
Q

Blood composition

A

Plasma which consists of* 90% water* Gases (O2, CO2, N)* Minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg)* Carbs & lipids* Proteins* Waste products* Vitamins, hormones, drugs

Formed elements consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

33
Q

Blood type is determined by

A

presence or absence of antigens on surface of red blood cells

34
Q

Rh factor

A

based on “D” antigen

35
Q

Compatibility test/cross-match

A

Test that determines whether donor blood and recipient blood are compatible (suitable to be mixed together)

36
Q

Blood specimens

A

Serum, plasma, whole blood

37
Q

hemostasis

A

arrest or stoppage of bleeding

38
Q

Hemostasis process

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Formation of a primary platelet plug
  3. Progression to a stable blood clot
  4. Fibrinolysis (dissolving of clot)
39
Q

Coagulation factors

A

Named with Roman numerals in order of discovery
* Enzyme precursors
* Cofactors
* Substrates – Fibrinogen is most important

40
Q

Coagulation extrinsic pathway

A

Requires an external source (trauma) to be activated

41
Q

Coagulation intrinsic pathway

A

Involves coagulation factors circulating within the body thatare activated when they come in contact with surfaces ofcertain cells

42
Q

Thrombin role

A

– Enzyme that plays the major role in coagulation
– Generated at injured site from prothrombin
– Converts fibrinogen to soluble fibrin
– Amplifies coagulation
– Supports platelet plug formation

43
Q

Lymphatic system functions

A

– Returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream
– Protects the body by removing microorganisms
– Processes lymphocytes
– Delivers fates absorbed from the small intestine to the bloodstream

44
Q

Lympathic system structures and functions

A

– Lymphatic vessel and ducts: transports lymph through the body
– Lymph nodes: mass of lymphatic tissue

45
Q

Lymph flow

A
  • Excess tissue fluid that filters into lymphatic capillaries
  • Lymph is moved by skeletal muscle contraction
  • Lymph passes through lymph nodes that filter out impurities

Phlebotomy 170 (15 decks)

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