Chapter 5 Flashcards
Anatomy
Organs and systems
Physiology
How those organs and systems work
Anatomic position
Standing with palms up
Supine
Lying on one’s back
Prone
lying on one’s belly
What is in the ventral cavity?
The thoracic cavity, the diaphragm, the abdominal cavity, the abdominal pelvic cavity, and the pelvic cavity
What is in the dorsal cavity?
Cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
Homeostasis
Steady state or equilibrium
Catabolism
The breakdown of complex substances for energy
Anabolism
Conversion of simple substances to more complex substances
Cells
Smallest unit of organization in the body
Tissues
Groups of similar cells that work together to perform a special function
Organs
Group of similar tissue that come together to form a single structure
Systems
Groups of organs working together
Skeletal system function
To maintain body shape and support
Skeletal system structures
Bones which include flat (ribs), irregular (vertebrae), long (femur), and short (carpals)
Joints
Supporting connective tissue which includes ligaments and cartilage
Muscular system function
To move, maintain posture and produce heat
Muscular system structures
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Intergumentary system functions
Protects body, regulates body temperature, eliminates some waste, receives environmental stimuli, and manufactures vitamin D from sunlight
Integumentary system structures
Skin, hair, nails
Exocrine glands
Blood vessels, common nerves, and sensory organs within skin
What are the layers of skin and where do blood vessels lie?
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
Blood vessels lie within the dermis and subcutaneous layers
Nervous system functions
Controls and coordinates activities of various body systems by electrical, impulses and chemical substances sent and received
Somatic nerves
Voluntary; allows one to control skeletal muscles
Autonomic nerves
Involuntary; controls cardiac and smooth muscle
Nervous system structures
The central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal cord, is surrounded and cushioned by a cavity and it is also protected by three layers of connective tissue.
The peripheral nervous system which has motor or efferent nerves and sensory or afferent nerves
Endocrine system functions
Secretes hormones into bloodstream
Endocrine structures
The endocrine glands which consists of:
the hypothalamus and pituitary (brain)
Pineal (brain)
Thyroid (throat)
Parathyroids (on thyroid)
Thymus (chest, behind sternum)
Adrenals (on top of each kidney)
Islets of langerhans (pancreas)
Testes (scrotum)
Ovaries (pelvic cavity)
Digestive system functions
Takes in food
Breaks down food
Eliminates waste products
Digestive system structures
Gastrointestinal tract
Accessory organs
Reproductive system function
Produces gammies needed to form a new human being.
Spermatozoa
Ova
Reproductive system structures
Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva
Male: testes, Seminole vesicles, prostate, epididymis, Vas deferens, Seminole ducts, urethra, penis, spermatic cords, scrotum
Urinary system functions
Filters waste
Creates urine
Eliminates waste
Helps regulate body fluids
Urinary structures and their functions
Kidneys- remove waste products; produces urine
Ureters- moves urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Urinary bladder- stores urine until ready to void
Urethra- provides exit for urine
Respiratory system functions
Respiration
Gas exchange and transport
acid base balance
External versus internal respiration
External respiration is oxygen entering the bloodstream via the lungs; carbon dioxide leaves the bloodstream via the lungs.
Internal respiration is oxygen leaves the bloodstream and enters cells and tissues; carbon dioxide leaves the cells/ tissues and enter the bloodstream
Respiratory system structures
The respiratory tract
The pancreas is endo and exocrine functions
Endocrine: production of insulin
Exocrine: lipase and amylase production
