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Abnormal Psych > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the components of stress?

A
  • Stressor
  • Stress response
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2
Q

Stressor

A

Event that creates demands

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3
Q

Stress Response

A

Person’s reactions to demands

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4
Q

True or False: extraordinary stress and trauma plays a role in certain psychological disorders

A

True

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5
Q

What does the DSM-5 list stress and psychological disorders, such as acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder?

A

Trauma and stressor-related disorders

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6
Q

How does the DSM-5 list stress and physical disorders?

A

Psychological factors affecting medical condtion

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7
Q

Where are the features of fear and arousal located in the brain?

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

Which two important systems are activated during the fight or flight response?

A
  • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
  • Endocrine System
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9
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

An extensive network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) to all other organs of the body

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10
Q

Endocrine System

A

Network of glands throughout the body that release hormones

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11
Q

What are the two pathways where the ANS and endocrine system produce arousal and fear reactions?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system pathway
  • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway
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12
Q

When do fear and related symptoms begin for acute stress disorder?

A

Begin within four weeks of event

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13
Q

When do fear and related symptoms begin for post-traumatic stress disorder?

A

May begin either shortly after event, or months or years afterward

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14
Q

How long does acute stress disorder last for?

A

Less than one month

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15
Q

What percentage of people with PTSD don’t develop a full clinical syndrome until 6 months or more after their trauma?

A

25%

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16
Q

At least ________ of all acute stress disorder cases develop into post-traumatic stress disorder

A

Half

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17
Q

True or False: the symptoms for acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder are completely different from each other.

A

False: Aside from differences in onset and duration, symptoms of acute stress disorders and PTSD are almost identical

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18
Q

What triggers acute and post-traumatic stress disorders?

A
  • Combat
  • Disasters and accidents
  • Victimization
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19
Q

What are biological factors associated with acute and post-traumatic stress disorders?

A
  • Brain–body stress routes
  • Brain’s stress circuit
  • Inherited predisposition
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20
Q

What are some experiences in childhood that increase the risk for developing PTSD later?

A
  • Chronic neglect or abuse
  • Poverty
  • Parental conflict
  • Catastrophe
  • Family members with psychological disorders
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21
Q

What are some of the cognitive factors and coping styles associated with developing PTSD later in life?

A
  • Pre-existing memory impairments
  • Intolerance of uncertainty
  • Negative worldview vs. resiliency and manageable stress exposure in childhood
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22
Q

True or False: weak family and social support systems are a risk factor with developing PTSD later in life?

A

True

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23
Q

About ______ of all cases of PTSD improve within 12 months

A

1/3

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24
Q

How do treatment procedures vary depending on type of trauma?

A
  • General goals
  • End lingering stress reactions
  • Gain perspective on painful experiences
  • Return to constructive living
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25
Q

How do clinicians treat acute and post-traumatic stress disorders among combat veterans?

A
  • Anti-depressant therapy
  • Cognitive-behavioral therapy
  • Couple/family therapy
  • Group therapy
  • Community interventions
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26
Q

What are some cognitive-behavioral therapies used to treat combat veterans with acute and post-traumatic stress disorders?

A
  • Cognitive processing therapy
  • Mindfulness-based techniques
  • Exposure techniques
  • Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
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27
Q

What are community interventions used to treat combat veterans with acute and post-traumatic stress disorders?

A
  • Psychological debriefing
  • Psychological First Aid
28
Q

How do clinicians treat acute and post-traumatic stress disorders among people who are not combat veterans?

A
  • Couple/family therapy
  • Group therapy
  • Psychological debriefing
  • Some combination of the above
29
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

Group of disorders triggered by traumatic events where there are changes in memory that lack a physical cause

30
Q

What are the types of dissociative disorders?

A
  • Dissociative amnesia
  • Dissociative identity disorder
31
Q

Dissociative fugue falls under what type of dissociative disorder?

A

Dissociative amnesia

32
Q

Dissociative identity disorder is also referred to as _____________

A

Multiple personality disorder

33
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Inability to recall important information, usually of an upsetting nature, about one’s life

34
Q

What are the four types of dissociative amnesia?

A
  • Localized
  • Selective
  • Generalized
  • Continuous
35
Q

Localized Dissociative Amnesia

A

Loss of all memory of events occurring within a limited period

36
Q

Selective Dissociative Amnesia

A

Loss of memory for some, but not all, events occurring within a period

37
Q

Generalized Dissociative Amnesia

A

Loss of memory beginning with an event, but extending back in time; may lose sense of identity

38
Q

Continuous Dissociative Amnesia

A

Forgetting continues into the future

39
Q

Which type of dissociative amnesia is the most common?

A

Localized dissociative amnesia

40
Q

Which type of dissociative amnesia can cause an individual to not recognize friends or family?

A

Generalized dissociative amnesia

41
Q

Which type of dissociative amnesia is quite rare to develop?

A

Continuous dissociative amnesia

42
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

Extreme version of dissociative amnesia where people not only forget their personal identities and past details, but flee to different location

43
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

Disorder where two or more distinct personalities (subpersonalities) develop

44
Q

True or False: although each personality has their own set of memories and personalities, it is a gradual process for an individual to switch them

A

False: Sudden movement from one subpersonality to another (switching) is usually triggered by stress

45
Q

Who is more likely to be diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder: men or women?

A

Women are three times more likely to be diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder

46
Q

What are the three kinds of relationships where subpersonalities interact with each other?

A
  • Mutually amnesic relationships
  • Mutually cognizant relationships
  • One-way amnesic relationships
47
Q

How do psychodynamic theorists explain dissociative disorders?

A

Dissociative disorders are caused by repression as people fight off anxiety by unconsciously preventing painful memories, thoughts, or impulses from reaching awareness

48
Q

Which dissociative disorders do psychodynamic theorists believe to be single episodes of repression?

A

Dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue

49
Q

Which dissociative disorders do psychodynamic theorists believe to result from a lifetime excessive repression that is motivated from traumatic childhood events

A

Dissociative identity disorder

50
Q

State-Dependent Learning

A

Learning becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred, so that it is best remembered under the same conditions

51
Q

How does state-dependent learning relate to the development of dissociative disorders?

A

People who are prone to develop dissociative disorders have state-to-memory links that are unusually rigid and narrow

52
Q

What is the role of self-hypnosis in dissociative amnesia?

A

People may hypnotize themselves to forget unpleasant events

53
Q

What is the role of self-hypnosis in dissociative fugue?

A

Fugue occurs when all memories of person’s past and identity are forgotten

54
Q

What is the role of self-hypnosis in dissociative identity disorder?

A

Children who experience early abuse or horrifying events may escape threat by self-hypnosis

55
Q

How do psychodynamic therapists help people with dissociative amnesia?

A

Psychodynamic therapists guide patients to search their unconscious and bring forgotten experiences into consciousness

56
Q

How does hypnotherapy help people with dissociative amnesia?

A

In hypnotic therapy, patients are hypnotized and guided to recall forgotten events

57
Q

What drug therapies are available for people with dissociative amnesia?

A

In drug therapy, intravenous injections of barbiturates are sometimes used to help patients regain lost memories

58
Q

True or False: Unlike victims of dissociative amnesia or fugue, people with DID do not typically recover without treatment

A

True

59
Q

How do therapists try to help clients diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder?

A
  • Recognize fully the nature of their disorder
  • Recover the gaps in their memory
  • Integrate their subpersonalities into one functional personality
60
Q

What does the DSM-5 categorize depersonalization-derealization disorder?

A

As a dissociative disorder, but not as one characterized by the memory difficulties found in the other dissociative disorders

61
Q

What percentage of the population has depersonalization-derealization disorder?

A

2%

62
Q

Which age group is more likely to develop depersonalization-derealization disorder?

A

Adolescents and young adults

63
Q

What are the characteristics of depersonalization?

A
  • Feeling separation from own body
  • Seeing self from inside out; doubling
  • Having mechanical, dreamlike, dizzy feelings
  • Awareness that perceptions are distorted
64
Q

What are the characteristics of derealization?

A
  • Feeling external world is unreal and strange
  • Changing object shape or size
  • May see other people as robots
65
Q

What are the symptoms of depersonalization-derealization disorder?

A
  • Persistent or recurrent
  • Cause considerable distress
  • May impair social relationships and job performance

Abnormal Psych (12 decks)

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