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Abnormal Psych > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of stress?

A
  • Stressor
  • Stress response
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2
Q

Stressor

A

Event that creates demands

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3
Q

Stress Response

A

Person’s reactions to demands

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4
Q

True or False: extraordinary stress and trauma plays a role in certain psychological disorders

A

True

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5
Q

What does the DSM-5 list stress and psychological disorders, such as acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder?

A

Trauma and stressor-related disorders

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6
Q

How does the DSM-5 list stress and physical disorders?

A

Psychological factors affecting medical condtion

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7
Q

Where are the features of fear and arousal located in the brain?

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

Which two important systems are activated during the fight or flight response?

A
  • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
  • Endocrine System
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9
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

An extensive network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) to all other organs of the body

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10
Q

Endocrine System

A

Network of glands throughout the body that release hormones

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11
Q

What are the two pathways where the ANS and endocrine system produce arousal and fear reactions?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system pathway
  • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway
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12
Q

When do fear and related symptoms begin for acute stress disorder?

A

Begin within four weeks of event

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13
Q

When do fear and related symptoms begin for post-traumatic stress disorder?

A

May begin either shortly after event, or months or years afterward

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14
Q

How long does acute stress disorder last for?

A

Less than one month

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15
Q

What percentage of people with PTSD don’t develop a full clinical syndrome until 6 months or more after their trauma?

A

25%

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16
Q

At least ________ of all acute stress disorder cases develop into post-traumatic stress disorder

A

Half

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17
Q

True or False: the symptoms for acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder are completely different from each other.

A

False: Aside from differences in onset and duration, symptoms of acute stress disorders and PTSD are almost identical

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18
Q

What triggers acute and post-traumatic stress disorders?

A
  • Combat
  • Disasters and accidents
  • Victimization
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19
Q

What are biological factors associated with acute and post-traumatic stress disorders?

A
  • Brain–body stress routes
  • Brain’s stress circuit
  • Inherited predisposition
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20
Q

What are some experiences in childhood that increase the risk for developing PTSD later?

A
  • Chronic neglect or abuse
  • Poverty
  • Parental conflict
  • Catastrophe
  • Family members with psychological disorders
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21
Q

What are some of the cognitive factors and coping styles associated with developing PTSD later in life?

A
  • Pre-existing memory impairments
  • Intolerance of uncertainty
  • Negative worldview vs. resiliency and manageable stress exposure in childhood
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22
Q

True or False: weak family and social support systems are a risk factor with developing PTSD later in life?

A

True

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23
Q

About ______ of all cases of PTSD improve within 12 months

A

1/3

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24
Q

How do treatment procedures vary depending on type of trauma?

A
  • General goals
  • End lingering stress reactions
  • Gain perspective on painful experiences
  • Return to constructive living
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25
How do clinicians treat acute and post-traumatic stress disorders among combat veterans?
- Anti-depressant therapy - Cognitive-behavioral therapy - Couple/family therapy - Group therapy - Community interventions
26
What are some cognitive-behavioral therapies used to treat combat veterans with acute and post-traumatic stress disorders?
- Cognitive processing therapy - Mindfulness-based techniques - Exposure techniques - Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
27
What are community interventions used to treat combat veterans with acute and post-traumatic stress disorders?
- Psychological debriefing - Psychological First Aid
28
How do clinicians treat acute and post-traumatic stress disorders among people who are not combat veterans?
- Couple/family therapy - Group therapy - Psychological debriefing - Some combination of the above
29
Dissociative Disorders
Group of disorders triggered by traumatic events where there are changes in memory that lack a physical cause
30
What are the types of dissociative disorders?
- Dissociative amnesia - Dissociative identity disorder
31
Dissociative fugue falls under what type of dissociative disorder?
Dissociative amnesia
32
Dissociative identity disorder is also referred to as _____________
Multiple personality disorder
33
Dissociative Amnesia
Inability to recall important information, usually of an upsetting nature, about one’s life
34
What are the four types of dissociative amnesia?
- Localized - Selective - Generalized - Continuous
35
Localized Dissociative Amnesia
Loss of all memory of events occurring within a limited period
36
Selective Dissociative Amnesia
Loss of memory for some, but not all, events occurring within a period
37
Generalized Dissociative Amnesia
Loss of memory beginning with an event, but extending back in time; may lose sense of identity
38
Continuous Dissociative Amnesia
Forgetting continues into the future
39
Which type of dissociative amnesia is the most common?
Localized dissociative amnesia
40
Which type of dissociative amnesia can cause an individual to not recognize friends or family?
Generalized dissociative amnesia
41
Which type of dissociative amnesia is quite rare to develop?
Continuous dissociative amnesia
42
Dissociative Fugue
Extreme version of dissociative amnesia where people not only forget their personal identities and past details, but flee to different location
43
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Disorder where two or more distinct personalities (subpersonalities) develop
44
True or False: although each personality has their own set of memories and personalities, it is a gradual process for an individual to switch them
False: Sudden movement from one subpersonality to another (switching) is usually triggered by stress
45
Who is more likely to be diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder: men or women?
Women are three times more likely to be diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder
46
What are the three kinds of relationships where subpersonalities interact with each other?
- Mutually amnesic relationships - Mutually cognizant relationships - One-way amnesic relationships
47
How do psychodynamic theorists explain dissociative disorders?
Dissociative disorders are caused by repression as people fight off anxiety by unconsciously preventing painful memories, thoughts, or impulses from reaching awareness
48
Which dissociative disorders do psychodynamic theorists believe to be single episodes of repression?
Dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue
49
Which dissociative disorders do psychodynamic theorists believe to result from a lifetime excessive repression that is motivated from traumatic childhood events
Dissociative identity disorder
50
State-Dependent Learning
Learning becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred, so that it is best remembered under the same conditions
51
How does state-dependent learning relate to the development of dissociative disorders?
People who are prone to develop dissociative disorders have state-to-memory links that are unusually rigid and narrow
52
What is the role of self-hypnosis in dissociative amnesia?
People may hypnotize themselves to forget unpleasant events
53
What is the role of self-hypnosis in dissociative fugue?
Fugue occurs when all memories of person’s past and identity are forgotten
54
What is the role of self-hypnosis in dissociative identity disorder?
Children who experience early abuse or horrifying events may escape threat by self-hypnosis
55
How do psychodynamic therapists help people with dissociative amnesia?
Psychodynamic therapists guide patients to search their unconscious and bring forgotten experiences into consciousness
56
How does hypnotherapy help people with dissociative amnesia?
In hypnotic therapy, patients are hypnotized and guided to recall forgotten events
57
What drug therapies are available for people with dissociative amnesia?
In drug therapy, intravenous injections of barbiturates are sometimes used to help patients regain lost memories
58
True or False: Unlike victims of dissociative amnesia or fugue, people with DID do not typically recover without treatment
True
59
How do therapists try to help clients diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder?
- Recognize fully the nature of their disorder - Recover the gaps in their memory - Integrate their subpersonalities into one functional personality
60
What does the DSM-5 categorize depersonalization-derealization disorder?
As a dissociative disorder, but not as one characterized by the memory difficulties found in the other dissociative disorders
61
What percentage of the population has depersonalization-derealization disorder?
2%
62
Which age group is more likely to develop depersonalization-derealization disorder?
Adolescents and young adults
63
What are the characteristics of depersonalization?
- Feeling separation from own body - Seeing self from inside out; doubling - Having mechanical, dreamlike, dizzy feelings - Awareness that perceptions are distorted
64
What are the characteristics of derealization?
- Feeling external world is unreal and strange - Changing object shape or size - May see other people as robots
65
What are the symptoms of depersonalization-derealization disorder?
- Persistent or recurrent - Cause considerable distress - May impair social relationships and job performance

Abnormal Psych (12 decks)

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