Chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Fear
A
The central nervous system’s physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one’s well-being.
2
Q
Anxiety
A
The central nervous system’s physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger.
3
Q
What is the name of the biological system that helps prepare the body in the face of danger?
A
Fight or flight system
4
Q
What are the most common mental disorders in the U.S.?
A
Anxiety disorders
5
Q
In a given year, how many adults will suffer with an anxiety disorder in the U.S.?
A
Around 19%
6
Q
How many adults in the United States will be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder at some point in their life?
A
31%
7
Q
How many adults with an anxiety disorder will receive treatment?
A
Around 42%
8
Q
Which racial group is more likely to developed an anxiety disorder?
A
Non-Hispanic White
9
Q
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
A
Disorder characterized by general and persistent feelings of worry and anxiety
10
Q
Specific Phobias
A
Anxiety disorder characterized by a persistent and irrational fear of a particular object, activity, or situation
11
Q
Agoraphobia
A
Fear of leaving one’s home and travel to public places
12
Q
Social Anxiety Disorder
A
Anxiety disorder characterized by being intensely afraid of social or performance situations in which they might become embarassed
13
Q
Panic Disorder
A
Anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of terror
14
Q
True or False: most individuals with one anxiety disorder suffer from a second one as well
A
True
15
Q
Anxiety also plays a major role in what different group of problems?
A
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
16
Q
People with generalized anxiety disorder sometimes describe their problem as what?
A
Free-floating anxiety
17
Q
What is the diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder?
A
- Person experiences disproportionate, uncontrollable, and ongoing anxiety and worry about multiple matters for 6 months or more
- Symptoms include at least three of the following: edginess, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems
- Significant distress or impairment
18
Q
Generalized anxiety disorder is common in what society?
A
Western society
19
Q
Who is more likely to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder: men or women?
A
Women
20
Q
How do sociocultural theorists view generalized anxiety disorder?
A
Most likely to be developed in people who are faced with ongoing societal conditions that are dangerous.
21
Q
What is one of the most powerful forms of societal stress?
A
Poverty
22
Q
Societal danger and stress may also come in the form of ________?
A
Widespread contagious diseases
23
Q
How did Sigmund Freud, as well as other psychodynamic theorists, view generalized anxiety disorder?
A
All children experience some degree of anxiety as part of growing up and that all use ego defense mechanisms to help control such anxiety
24
Q
What would cause symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder to appear during childhood, according to Freud and psychodynamic theorists?
A
- Some children would have particular high levels of anxiety
- A child’s defense mechanisms are inadequate
25
Today, most psychodynamic theorists believe that generalized anxiety disorder can be traced in the early relationship between who?
Children and their parents/caretakers
26
True or False: psychodynamic therapists created their own style of treatment for people with generalized anxiety disorder
False: psychodynamic therapists use the same general techniques to treat all psychological problems
27
What have controlled studies found about the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapies to treat patients with generalized anxiety disorder?
Only modest help to patients
28
How humanistic theorists view generalized anxiety disorder?
Generalized anxiety disorder, like other psychological disorders, arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly
29
How did Carl Rogers believe people develop generalized anxiety disorder?
People who failed to receive unconditional positive regard as children may be too harsh on themselves through their conditions of worth and results to increased anxiety
30
What did controlled studies find about client-centered therapy to treat generalized anxiety disorder?
Failed to offer strong support but it's better than no treatment at all
31
Basic Irrational Assumptions
Inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psychological problems, according to Albert Ellis
32
For a person with generalized anxiety disorder, Albert Ellis believes that they would hold these types of basic irrational assumptions?
That an individual should be adored by all and that anything that doesn't go there way or could possibly not go there way is a disaster
33
Which dimension of the cognitive-behavioral model is more concentrated on treating people with generalized anxiety disorder?
Cognitive dimension
34
Metacognitive Theory
Theory developed by Adrian Wells that suggests that people with generalized anxiety disorder implicitly hold both positive and negative beliefs about worrying
35
Intolerance of Uncertainty Theory
Theory that suggests certain individuals cannot tolerate the knowledge that negative events may occur, even if the possibility of occurrence is very small.
36
Avoidance Theory
Theory developed by Thomas Borkovec that suggests that people with this disorder have greater bodily arousal (higher heart rate, perspiration, respiration) than other people and that worrying actually serves to reduce this arousal, perhaps by distracting the individuals from their unpleasant physical feelings
37
Rational-Emotive Therapy
A cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis that helps clients identify and change the irrational assumptions and thinking that help cause their psychological disorder
38
What other therapies are available to treat people with generalized anxiety disorders under the cognitive-behavioral model?
- Mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral therapy
- Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
39
Family Pedigree Studies
A research design in which investigators determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder
40
Approximately what percentage of people with generalized anxiety disorder display it themselves?
15%
41
Benzodiazepines
The most common group of antianxiety drugs
42
What are drugs are considered as a benzodiazepine?
- Xanax
- Valium
- Ativan
43
Which brain circuit do biological theorists believe contributes to generalized anxiety disorder?
Fear circuit (hyperactive)
44
Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
Drugs that calm people in low doses and help them fall asleep in higher doses
45
What percentage of people with generalized anxiety disorder show some improvement after taking benzodiazepines?
As many as 60%
46
What problems may occur when taking benzodiazepines?
- Medication effects are short-lived
- Can be physically dependent on them after taking large doses over time
- Cause drowsiness, depression, memory loss, lost of coordination
- Mix badly with certain other drugs or substances
47
What is the medication of choice most therapists give to patients with generalized anxiety disorder?
Anti-depressant drugs
48
What some examples of common specific phobias?
- Specific animals or insects
- Heights
- Enclosed spaces
- Thunderstorms
- Blood
49
What is the diagnostic criteria for having a specific phobia?
1. Marked, persistent, and disproportionate fear of a particular object or situation; usually lasting at least 6 months
2. Exposure to the object produces immediate fear
3. Avoidance of the feared situation
4. Significant distress or impairment
50
What percentage of Americans have symptoms of a specific phobia?
9%
51
Almost _____ of individuals will develop a specific phobia at some point in their lives
13%
52
How many people in the U.S. have agorophobia?
1%
53
How many people with agoraphobia receive treatment?
Around 46%
54
How do cognitive-behavioral theorists believe a phobia is developed?
People with phobias first learn to fear certain objects, situations, or events through conditioning
55
True or False: there has been a lot of strong support in research about the cognitive-behavioral model and developing phobias
False: there are mixed results as several students failed to elicit fear responses from participants when doing conditioning
56
Preparedness
A predisposition to develop certain fears
57
Exposure Treatment
Treatment in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread
58
Systematic Desensitization
An exposure treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread
59
Fear Hierarchy
A list of feared objects or situations, ordered from mildly to extremely upsetting
60
In Vivo Desensitization
While the client is in a state of relaxation, the therapist has the client actually face the event/a fear at the bottom of the hierarchy
61
Covert Desensitization
While the client is in a state of relaxation, the therapist has the client imagine a facing a fear at the bottom of the hierarchy
62
Flooding
An exposure treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless
63
What kind of treatments are available for people with agoraphobia?
- Exposure therapy
- Support groups
- Home-based self-help programs
64
What is the diagnostic criteria for social anxiety disorder?
1. Pronounced, disproportionate, and repeated anxiety about social situation(s) in which the individual could be exposed to possible scrutiny by others; typically lasting 6 months or more
2. Fear of being negatively evaluated by or offensive to others.
3. Exposure to the social situation almost always produces anxiety.
4. Avoidance of feared situations.
5. Significant distress or impairment
65
How many people in the U.S. have social anxiety disorder?
7%
66
How many people with social anxiety disorder identify as female?
60%
67
When does a person with social anxiety disorder begin to show symptoms?
Late childhood or adolescence
68
Social Skills Training
A therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role-playing and rehearsing of desirable behaviors
69
How many people in the U.S. have panic disorder?
3%
70
Which anxiety disorder is often accompanied by panic disorder?
Agoraphobia
71
Which brain circuit is believed to be a contributor to panic disorder?
Hyperactive panic circuit
72
Anxiety Sensitivity
A tendency to focus on one’s bodily sensations, assess them illogically, and interpret them as harmful
73
Biological Challenge Tests
A procedure used to produce panic in participants or clients by having them exercise vigorously or perform some other potentially panic-inducing task in the presence of a researcher or therapist
74
Why some people are prone to noticeable misinterpretations of bodily sensations?
Panic-prone individuals actually experience more frequent, confusing, or intense bodily sensations than other people do
75
Obessions
Persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that seem to invade a person’s consciousness
76
Compulsions
Repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people feel they must perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety
77
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
A disorder in which a person has recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both
78
What is the diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
1. Occurrence of repeated obsessions, compulsions, or both
2. The obsessions or compulsions take up considerable time
3. Significant distress or impairment
79
How many people in the U.S. and throughout the world have obsessive-compulsive disorder?
1.2%
80
How do psychodynamic theorists believe contributes to developing obsessive-compulsive disorder?
The battle between anxiety-provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing defense mechanisms is not buried in the unconscious but is played out in overt thoughts and actions
81
According to Freud, which stage of development is traced to obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Anal stage (18 months to 3 years old)
82
Neutralize
A person’s attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts
83
Exposure and Response Prevention
A cognitive-behavioral technique used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder that exposes clients to anxiety-arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents them from performing their compulsive acts
84
What is exposure and response prevention also referred to as?
Exposure and ritual prevention
85
Between 50-70% of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder have improved considerably after going through what kind of therapy?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
86
Hoarding Disorder
A disorder in which individuals feel compelled to save items and become very distressed if they try to discard them, resulting in an excessive accumulation of items
87
Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders
Disorders in which obsessive-like concerns drive people to repeatedly and excessively perform certain abnormal patterns of behavior
88
Trichotillomania/Hair-Pulling Disorder
A disorder in which people repeatedly pull out hair from their scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, or other parts of the body
89
Excoriation/Skin-Picking Disorder
A disorder in which people repeatedly pick at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds
90
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
A disorder in which individuals become preoccupied with the belief that they have certain defects or flaws in their physical appearance which are either imagined or exaggerated
