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Abnormal Psych > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Assessment

A

Collection of relevant information to reach a conclusion

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2
Q

Clinical Assessment

A

Information used to determine whether, how, and why a person is behaving abnormally and how that person may be helped

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3
Q

How do therapists decide on which clinical assessments to use in their practice?

A

Based on theoretical orientation and/or what the therapist is looking for in the client

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4
Q

True or False: only a select few diagnostic criteria are used by clinicians to treat psychological disorders

A

False: Hundreds of clinical assessment tools have been developed

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5
Q

What are the three categories of clinical assessment tools?

A
  • Clinical interviews
  • Clinical tests
  • Clinical observations
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6
Q

What are the characteristics present in every useful assessment tool?

A
  • Standardization
  • Reliability
  • Validity
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7
Q

Standardization

A

Involves setting up common steps to be followed whenever it is administered

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8
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of an assessment measure

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9
Q

What are the two types of reliability?

A
  • Test-Retest Reliability
  • Interrater/Interjudge Reliability
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10
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

Test yields the same results every time it is given to the same people

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11
Q

Interrater/Interjudge Reliability

A

Different judges independently agree on how to score and interpret a particular tool

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12
Q

Validity

A

Accuracy of a tool’s results

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13
Q

What are the three types of validity?

A
  • Face validity
  • Predictive validity
  • Concurrent validity
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14
Q

Clinical Interviews

A

Face-to-face encounter to gather basic background with specific theoretical focus

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15
Q

Unstructured Clinical Interviews = _____________

A

Primarily open-ended

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16
Q

Structured Clinical Interviews = _____________

A

Primarily specific

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17
Q

True or False: mental status exams are mainly used in hospital settings

A

True

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18
Q

What are the limitations of using clinical interviews?

A
  • Lack of validity or accuracy
  • Interviewer bias or mistakes in judgment
  • Lack of reliability
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19
Q

Clinical Tests

A

Used to gather information about psychological functioning from which broader information is inferred

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20
Q

Projective Tests

A

Tests that require client interpretation of vague or ambiguous stimuli or open-ended instruction

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21
Q

What are some examples of projective tests?

A
  • Rorcharch test
  • Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT)
  • Sentence-completion test
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22
Q

Until the 1950s, what was the most used test for personality assessments?

A

Projective tests

23
Q

What are the limitations of projective tests?

A
  • Reliability and validity not consistently shown
  • May be biased against minority racial and ethnic groups
24
Q

Personality Inventories

A

Designed to measure broad personality characteristics

25
Q

What are the characteristics of personality inventories?

A
  • Focus on behaviors, beliefs, and feelings
  • Usually based on self-reported responses
26
Q

What is the most used personality inventory?

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

27
Q

Scoring above _________ on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory indicates deviant behavior/thinking patterns

A

70

28
Q

What are the strengths of personality inventories?

A
  • Easier, cheaper, and faster to administer than projective tests
  • Objectively scored and standardized
  • Appear to have greater validity than projective tests
29
Q

What are the weaknesses of personality inventories?

A
  • Cannot be considered highly valid
  • Measured traits often cannot be directly examined
  • Tests do not allow for cultural differences in responses
30
Q

What are the three types of response inventories?

A
  • Affective inventories
  • Social skills inventories
  • Cognitive inventories
31
Q

What is an example of a affective inventory?

A

Beck Depression Inventory

32
Q

What are the weaknesses of response inventories?

A
  • Have strong face validity
  • Not all have been subjected to careful standardization, reliability, and/or validity procedures
33
Q

Psychophysiological Tests

A

Measure physiological response as an indication of psychological problems

34
Q

Neuroimaging/Neuropsychological Tests

A

Directly assess brain function by directly assessing brain structure and activity

35
Q

What are some examples of neuroimaging/neuropsychological tests?

A
  • EEG
  • PET scans
  • CT/CAT scans
  • MRI
  • fMRI
36
Q

What are some examples of neuroimaging/neuropsychological tests?

A
  • EEG
  • PET scans
  • CT/CAT scans
  • MRI
  • fMRI
37
Q

Intelligence Tests

A

A series of tests assessing both verbal/nonverbal skills designed to indirectly measure intellectual ability

38
Q

General score = _________________

A

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

39
Q

What does the general score/intelligence quotient (IQ) represent?

A

Ratio of a person’s “mental” age to his or her “chronological” age

40
Q

What are the strengths of intelligence tests?

A
  • Among the most carefully produced of all clinical tests
  • Highly standardized on large groups of subjects
  • High reliability and validity
41
Q

What are the limitations of intelligence tests?

A
  • Performance can be influenced by nonintelligence
  • Tests may contain cultural biases in language or tasks
  • Members of minority groups may have less experience and be less comfortable with these types of tests, influencing their results
42
Q

What are the three types of clinical observations?

A
  • Naturalistic observation
  • Analog observation
  • Self-monitoring
43
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observations occurring in everyday settings that are made by “participant observers” and reported to clinician

44
Q

Analog Observation

A

Used and conducted in artificial settings when naturalistic is impractical

45
Q

Self-Monitoring

A

People observe themselves and carefully record the frequency of certain behaviors, feelings, or cognitions as they occur over time

46
Q

What is self-monitoring useful for?

A
  • Assessing infrequent or overly frequent behaviors
  • Provides a means of measuring private thoughts or perceptions
47
Q

Which type of clinical observation have reliability and validity concerns?

A

Naturalistic observations

48
Q

Which type of clinical observation have only reliability concerns?

A

Self-monitoring

49
Q

What is the most dominant classification system for psychological disorders in the U.S.?

A

DSM

50
Q

In North America and around the world, the DSM faces competition from what two other diagnostic systems?

A
  • International Classification of Disorders (ICD)
  • Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
51
Q

Which other diagnostic system is mostly used in hospital/inpatient facilities and insurance codes?

A

International Classification of Disorders (ICD)

52
Q

Which other diagnostic system is mostly used in research and throughout Europe?

A

Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

53
Q

Categorical Information

A

Name of the category/disorder indicated by client’s symptoms

54
Q

Dimensional Information

A

Rating of how severe a client’s symptoms are and how dysfunctional the client is across various dimensions of personality

Abnormal Psych (12 decks)

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