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Abnormal Psych > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Assessment

A

Collection of relevant information to reach a conclusion

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2
Q

Clinical Assessment

A

Information used to determine whether, how, and why a person is behaving abnormally and how that person may be helped

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3
Q

How do therapists decide on which clinical assessments to use in their practice?

A

Based on theoretical orientation and/or what the therapist is looking for in the client

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4
Q

True or False: only a select few diagnostic criteria are used by clinicians to treat psychological disorders

A

False: Hundreds of clinical assessment tools have been developed

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5
Q

What are the three categories of clinical assessment tools?

A
  • Clinical interviews
  • Clinical tests
  • Clinical observations
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6
Q

What are the characteristics present in every useful assessment tool?

A
  • Standardization
  • Reliability
  • Validity
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7
Q

Standardization

A

Involves setting up common steps to be followed whenever it is administered

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8
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of an assessment measure

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9
Q

What are the two types of reliability?

A
  • Test-Retest Reliability
  • Interrater/Interjudge Reliability
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10
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

Test yields the same results every time it is given to the same people

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11
Q

Interrater/Interjudge Reliability

A

Different judges independently agree on how to score and interpret a particular tool

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12
Q

Validity

A

Accuracy of a tool’s results

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13
Q

What are the three types of validity?

A
  • Face validity
  • Predictive validity
  • Concurrent validity
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14
Q

Clinical Interviews

A

Face-to-face encounter to gather basic background with specific theoretical focus

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15
Q

Unstructured Clinical Interviews = _____________

A

Primarily open-ended

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16
Q

Structured Clinical Interviews = _____________

A

Primarily specific

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17
Q

True or False: mental status exams are mainly used in hospital settings

A

True

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18
Q

What are the limitations of using clinical interviews?

A
  • Lack of validity or accuracy
  • Interviewer bias or mistakes in judgment
  • Lack of reliability
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19
Q

Clinical Tests

A

Used to gather information about psychological functioning from which broader information is inferred

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20
Q

Projective Tests

A

Tests that require client interpretation of vague or ambiguous stimuli or open-ended instruction

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21
Q

What are some examples of projective tests?

A
  • Rorcharch test
  • Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT)
  • Sentence-completion test
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22
Q

Until the 1950s, what was the most used test for personality assessments?

A

Projective tests

23
Q

What are the limitations of projective tests?

A
  • Reliability and validity not consistently shown
  • May be biased against minority racial and ethnic groups
24
Q

Personality Inventories

A

Designed to measure broad personality characteristics

25
What are the characteristics of personality inventories?
- Focus on behaviors, beliefs, and feelings - Usually based on self-reported responses
26
What is the most used personality inventory?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
27
Scoring above _________ on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory indicates deviant behavior/thinking patterns
70
28
What are the strengths of personality inventories?
- Easier, cheaper, and faster to administer than projective tests - Objectively scored and standardized - Appear to have greater validity than projective tests
29
What are the weaknesses of personality inventories?
- Cannot be considered highly valid - Measured traits often cannot be directly examined - Tests do not allow for cultural differences in responses
30
What are the three types of response inventories?
- Affective inventories - Social skills inventories - Cognitive inventories
31
What is an example of a affective inventory?
Beck Depression Inventory
32
What are the weaknesses of response inventories?
- Have strong face validity - Not all have been subjected to careful standardization, reliability, and/or validity procedures
33
Psychophysiological Tests
Measure physiological response as an indication of psychological problems
34
Neuroimaging/Neuropsychological Tests
Directly assess brain function by directly assessing brain structure and activity
35
What are some examples of neuroimaging/neuropsychological tests?
- EEG - PET scans - CT/CAT scans - MRI - fMRI
36
What are some examples of neuroimaging/neuropsychological tests?
- EEG - PET scans - CT/CAT scans - MRI - fMRI
37
Intelligence Tests
A series of tests assessing both verbal/nonverbal skills designed to indirectly measure intellectual ability
38
General score = _________________
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
39
What does the general score/intelligence quotient (IQ) represent?
Ratio of a person's “mental” age to his or her “chronological” age
40
What are the strengths of intelligence tests?
- Among the most carefully produced of all clinical tests - Highly standardized on large groups of subjects - High reliability and validity
41
What are the limitations of intelligence tests?
- Performance can be influenced by nonintelligence - Tests may contain cultural biases in language or tasks - Members of minority groups may have less experience and be less comfortable with these types of tests, influencing their results
42
What are the three types of clinical observations?
- Naturalistic observation - Analog observation - Self-monitoring
43
Naturalistic Observation
Observations occurring in everyday settings that are made by “participant observers” and reported to clinician
44
Analog Observation
Used and conducted in artificial settings when naturalistic is impractical
45
Self-Monitoring
People observe themselves and carefully record the frequency of certain behaviors, feelings, or cognitions as they occur over time
46
What is self-monitoring useful for?
- Assessing infrequent or overly frequent behaviors - Provides a means of measuring private thoughts or perceptions
47
Which type of clinical observation have reliability and validity concerns?
Naturalistic observations
48
Which type of clinical observation have only reliability concerns?
Self-monitoring
49
What is the most dominant classification system for psychological disorders in the U.S.?
DSM
50
In North America and around the world, the DSM faces competition from what two other diagnostic systems?
- International Classification of Disorders (ICD) - Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
51
Which other diagnostic system is mostly used in hospital/inpatient facilities and insurance codes?
International Classification of Disorders (ICD)
52
Which other diagnostic system is mostly used in research and throughout Europe?
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
53
Categorical Information
Name of the category/disorder indicated by client’s symptoms
54
Dimensional Information
Rating of how severe a client’s symptoms are and how dysfunctional the client is across various dimensions of personality

Abnormal Psych (12 decks)

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