Chapter 3 Flashcards
Models/Paradigms
Perspectives used to explain events
What is the name of the model that explained psychological abnormality during the Middle Ages?
Demonlogical Model
Until recently, how were models for identifying psychological abnormalities influenced?
Psychologists of a given time and place created models greatly influenced by the beliefs of their culture.
What was the goal of the demonological model?
To sought foreign spirits out of the body.
What are the three models of psychological abnormality that focus on the psychological and personal factors of human functioning?
- Psychodynamic model
- Cognitive-behavioral model
- Humanistic-existential model
What perspectives are included under the sociocultural model?
- Family-social perspective
- Multicultural perspective
How do biological theorists view abnormal behavior?
As an illness brought on by malfunctioning parts of the organism (brain)
Neurons
Nerve cells
Glia
Support cells in the brain
What is the name of the space that separates one neuron from the next?
Synapse
What is the name of the chemical that travels through the synapse from the nerve ending to the receptors?
Neurotransmitter
What have researchers been highly focused on as a key to psychological disorders?
Brain circuits
Brain circuits
A network of particular brain structures that work together, triggering each other into action to produce a distinct behavioral, cognitive, or emotional reaction
How many pairs of chromosomes are in a cell?
23 pairs
Genes
Segments that control the characteristics and traits a person inherits
How are genes typically viewed in relation to mental disorders?
As unfortunate occurrences or mistakes of inheritance
True or False: there are some researchers that believe genes that contribute to abnormal functioning are the result of normal evolutionary principles
True: some theorists believe that genes that contribute to abnormal function are the result of normal evolutionary principles
Psychotropic Medications
Drugs that mainly affect emotions and thought processes
Brain Stimulation
Interventions that directly or indirectly stimulate certain areas of the brain
Which type of psychotropic medications help reduce tension and anxiety?
Anti-anxiety drugs
Which type of psychotropic medications help improve the functioning of people with depression?
Anti-depressant drugs
Which type of psychotropic medication help steady the mood of people with bipolar disorder?
Anti-bipolar drugs
Which type of psychotropic medication help reduce the confusion, hallucinations, and delusions that often accompany psychosis?
Anti-psychotic drugs
What are the strengths of the biological model?
- Enjoys considerable amount of respect in the field
- Constantly produces valuable new information
- Treatments bring great relief
What are the weaknesses of the biological model?
- Limits understanding of abnormal function by excluding non-biological factors
- May produce significant undesirable effects
How do psychodynamic theorists view abnormal functioning?
Believe that a person’s behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is determined largely by underlying psychological forces of which the individual is not consciously aware.
Psychodynamic theories rest on what assumption?
Deterministic; no symptom or behavior is “accidental” and behavior is determined by past experience
Id
Force of the personality to denote instinctual needs, desires, and impulses
What principle does the id operates in accordance with?
Pleasure principle
Ego
Force of the personality that unconsciously seeks gratification, but it does so in accordance with the reality principle
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse.
Repression
Person avoids anxiety by simply not allowing painful or dangerous thoughts to become conscious.
Denial
Person simply refuses to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety.
Projection
Person attributes their own unacceptable impulses, motives, or desires to other individuals.
Rationalization
Person creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that actually reflects unacceptable motives.
Displacement
Person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object and onto a safer substitute.
Intellectualization
Person represses emotional reactions in favor of overly logical responses to a problem.
Regression
Person retreats from an upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage in which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibly.
Superego
Personality force that operates by the morality principle, a sense of what is right and what is wrong.
How would Sigmund Freud describe the relationship between the id, ego, and superego?
Often in some degree of conflict and a healthy personality focuses on a acceptable compromise between the three.
What is the age range for someone to be in the oral stage of development?
18 months and under
What is the age range for someone to be in the anal stage of development?
18 months to 3 years old