Chapter 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Models/Paradigms
A
Perspectives used to explain events
2
Q
What is the name of the model that explained psychological abnormality during the Middle Ages?
A
Demonlogical Model
3
Q
Until recently, how were models for identifying psychological abnormalities influenced?
A
Psychologists of a given time and place created models greatly influenced by the beliefs of their culture.
4
Q
What was the goal of the demonological model?
A
To sought foreign spirits out of the body.
5
Q
What are the three models of psychological abnormality that focus on the psychological and personal factors of human functioning?
A
- Psychodynamic model
- Cognitive-behavioral model
- Humanistic-existential model
6
Q
What perspectives are included under the sociocultural model?
A
- Family-social perspective
- Multicultural perspective
7
Q
How do biological theorists view abnormal behavior?
A
As an illness brought on by malfunctioning parts of the organism (brain)
8
Q
Neurons
A
Nerve cells
9
Q
Glia
A
Support cells in the brain
10
Q
What is the name of the space that separates one neuron from the next?
A
Synapse
11
Q
What is the name of the chemical that travels through the synapse from the nerve ending to the receptors?
A
Neurotransmitter
12
Q
What have researchers been highly focused on as a key to psychological disorders?
A
Brain circuits
13
Q
Brain circuits
A
A network of particular brain structures that work together, triggering each other into action to produce a distinct behavioral, cognitive, or emotional reaction
14
Q
How many pairs of chromosomes are in a cell?
A
23 pairs
15
Q
Genes
A
Segments that control the characteristics and traits a person inherits
16
Q
How are genes typically viewed in relation to mental disorders?
A
As unfortunate occurrences or mistakes of inheritance
17
Q
True or False: there are some researchers that believe genes that contribute to abnormal functioning are the result of normal evolutionary principles
A
True: some theorists believe that genes that contribute to abnormal function are the result of normal evolutionary principles
18
Q
Psychotropic Medications
A
Drugs that mainly affect emotions and thought processes
19
Q
Brain Stimulation
A
Interventions that directly or indirectly stimulate certain areas of the brain
20
Q
Which type of psychotropic medications help reduce tension and anxiety?
A
Anti-anxiety drugs
21
Q
Which type of psychotropic medications help improve the functioning of people with depression?
A
Anti-depressant drugs
22
Q
Which type of psychotropic medication help steady the mood of people with bipolar disorder?
A
Anti-bipolar drugs
23
Q
Which type of psychotropic medication help reduce the confusion, hallucinations, and delusions that often accompany psychosis?
A
Anti-psychotic drugs
24
Q
What are the strengths of the biological model?
A
- Enjoys considerable amount of respect in the field
- Constantly produces valuable new information
- Treatments bring great relief
25
What are the weaknesses of the biological model?
1. Limits understanding of abnormal function by excluding non-biological factors
2. May produce significant undesirable effects
26
How do psychodynamic theorists view abnormal functioning?
Believe that a person’s behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is determined largely by underlying psychological forces of which the individual is not consciously aware.
27
Psychodynamic theories rest on what assumption?
Deterministic; no symptom or behavior is "accidental" and behavior is determined by past experience
28
Id
Force of the personality to denote instinctual needs, desires, and impulses
29
What principle does the id operates in accordance with?
Pleasure principle
30
Ego
Force of the personality that unconsciously seeks gratification, but it does so in accordance with the reality principle
31
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse.
32
Repression
Person avoids anxiety by simply not allowing painful or dangerous thoughts to become conscious.
33
Denial
Person simply refuses to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety.
34
Projection
Person attributes their own unacceptable impulses, motives, or desires to other individuals.
35
Rationalization
Person creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that actually reflects unacceptable motives.
36
Displacement
Person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object and onto a safer substitute.
37
Intellectualization
Person represses emotional reactions in favor of overly logical responses to a problem.
38
Regression
Person retreats from an upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage in which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibly.
39
Superego
Personality force that operates by the morality principle, a sense of what is right and what is wrong.
40
How would Sigmund Freud describe the relationship between the id, ego, and superego?
Often in some degree of conflict and a healthy personality focuses on a acceptable compromise between the three.
41
What is the age range for someone to be in the oral stage of development?
18 months and under
42
What is the age range for someone to be in the anal stage of development?
18 months to 3 years old
43
What is the age range for someone to be in the phallic stage of development?
3-5 years old
44
What is the age range for someone to be in the latency stage of development?
5-12 years old
45
What is the age range for someone to be in the genital stage of development?
12 years old and up
46
What techniques are utilized by psychodynamic therapists?
- Free association
- Therapist interpretation
- Catharsis
- Working through
47
Free Association
A psychodynamic technique in which the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant.
48
What three phenomena are part of the therapist interpretation?
- Resistance
- Transference
- Dreams
49
Resistance
An unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy, when they suddenly cannot free associate or when they change a subject to avoid a painful discussion.
50
Transference
The redirection toward the psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in a patient’s life, now or in the past.
51
Catharsis
A reliving of past repressed feelings,
52
True or False: you do not need to experience catharsis in psychodynamic therapy
False: according to psychodynamic therapists, experiencing catharsis is necessary to settle inner conflict and overcome their problems
53
Working Through
The patient and therapist must examine the same issues over and over in the course of many sessions, each time with greater clarity.
54
What are the strengths of the psychodynamic model?
- First to recognize the importance of psychological theories and systematic treatment for abnormality
- Saw abnormal functioning nested in the same processes as normal functioning
- May be helpful to persons with long-term, complex disorders
55
What are the weaknesses of the psychodynamic model?
- Unsupported ideas; difficult to research
- Non-observable concepts
- Inaccessible to human subjects (unconscious)
56
Self Theorists
Emphasized the unified personality
57
Object-Relation Theorists
Emphasize the human need for relationships, especially between children and caregivers
58
What does the cognitive-behavioral model focus on?
Maladaptive behaviors and/or conditions in understanding and treating psychological abnormality
59
Conditioning
A simple form of learning
60
Classical Conditioning
A process of learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a person’s mind and produce the same response
61
Modeling
A process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others
62
Operant Conditioning
A process of learning in which individuals come to behave in certain ways as a result of experiencing consequences of one kind or another whenever they perform the behavior
63
How does the behavioral dimension address treating individuals with psychological abnormalities?
Seek to help replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate behaviors
64
How does the cognitive dimension of the cognitive-behavioral model treat people with psychological abnormalities?
Help clients recognize, challenge, and change problematic thinking as well as guide clients to new ways of thinking
65
According to cognitive-focused theorists, what are examples of cognitive problems that can lead to psychological abnormalities?
- Inaccurate/disturbing assumptions and attitudes
- Illogical thinking
66
Overgeneralize
Draw broad negative conclusions on the basis of single insignificant events
67
Cognitive-Behavioral Interplay
Behavioral and cognitive components are interwoven in most contemporary theories and therapies
68
What is an example of a avoidance behavior for people with social anxiety disorder?
- Talking only to people they already know well in social settings
69
What is an example of a safety behavior for people with social anxiety disorder?
- Wearing makeup to cover up blushing
70
Exposure Therapy
A behavior-focused intervention in which fearful people are repeatedly exposed to the objects or situations they dread
71
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
A new approach to therapy that focuses on helping clients accept many of their problematic thoughts rather than judge them, act on them, or try changing them
72
Mindfulness Meditation
A type of meditation meditation, which teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts/feelings that are flowing through their minds during meditation and to accept such thoughts in a nonjudgmental way
73
What are the strengths of the cognitive-behavioral model?
- Powerful force in clinical field with broad appeal
- Clinically useful
- Uniquely human process focus
- Theories lend themselves to research
- Therapies are effective in treating several disorders
74
What are the weaknesses of the cognitive-behavioral model?
- Precise role of cognition in abnormality has yet to be determined
- Not effective with everyone
- Focusing primarily on clients' current experiences and functioning may limit needed attention to influence of early life experiences and relationships
- Other key dimensions in life are not addressed
75
How many clinical psychologists would consider their approach to fall under the cognitive-behavioral model?
46%
76
Self-actualize
To fulfill one's potential for goodness and growth through honest recognition of strengths and weaknesses
77
What does the humanist view of the humanistic-existential model focus on?
Emphasizes people are friendly, cooperative, and constructive
78
What does the existentialist view of the humanistic-existential model focus on?
Emphasis on accurate self-awareness and meaningful life (authentic)
79
In what decades were humanistic and existentialist were extremely popular and why?
1960s and 1970s because many people were soul-searching and examining their lives during that time
80
Rogers' Humanistic Theory and Therapy
Basic human need for unconditional positive regard that begins during infancy
81
What happens to an individual when they have received either unconditional positive regard or not?
Received = unconditional self-regard (loved as you are)
Not received = conditions of worth (need to do this in order to feel loved)
82
Rogers' Client-Centered Therapy
Therapy where the therapists creates a supportive climate by:
- Unconditional positive regard
- Accurate empathy
- Genuineness
83
Gestalt Therapy
Humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively move clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role playing and self-discovery exercises
84
What is the goal of Gestalt therapy?
To guide clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance through challenge and frustration
85
Why is it hard to measure the impact of Gestalt therapy?
Subjective experiences and self-awareness cannot be objectively measured
86
True or False: many therapists encourage spiritualistic resources to help treat clients since it can improve their mental health
True: many therapists now encourage the use of spiritualistic resources to cope with stressors
87
What do existentialist theories believe the cause of psychological abnormalities are?
Arises when a client uses self-deception to hide from responsibilities and becomes overwhelmed by societal forces
88
Existential Therapy
A type of therapy where clients are encouraged to accept responsibility for their lives and problems
89
What are the strengths of the humanistic-existential model?
- Taps into domains missing from other models
- Emphasizes the individual
- Optimistic
- Emphasizes health
90
What are the weaknesses of the humanistic-existential model?
- Focuses on abstract issues
- Difficult to research
- Weakened by disapproval of scientific approach (may be changing)
91
True or False: abnormal behavior does not include social and cultural forces that influence an individual
False: abnormal behavior includes social and cultural forces that influence an individual
92
How do family-social theorists explain abnormal functioning?
Therapists in support of the family-social perspective believe that clinicians should focus on the broad forces that operate directly on an individual such as:
- Family relationships
- Social interactions
- Community events
93
What are some examples of family-social treatments?
- Group therapy
- Family therapy
- Couple/marital therapy
- Community treatment
94
What are the three kinds of factors that family-social perspective proponents pay attention to?
- Social labels and roles
- Social networks
- Family structure and communication
95
Family Systems Theory
A theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules
96
Group Therapy
A format in which a therapist meets with a group of clients who have similar problems
97
How do multicultural theorists explain abnormal functioning?
All behaviors and treatment are best understood in the context of culture, cultural values, and external pressures in that context
98
Intersectionality
A framework that examines how each individual’s memberships across multiple cultural groups and social identities combine to shape their particular experiences, opportunities, outlook, and functioning
99
What groups of people are studied the most by multicultural theorists?
- Ethnical and racial minority groups
- Economically disadvantaged persons
- LGBTQIA+ individuals
- Women
100
According to multicultural theorists, how can therapist effectiveness can be enhanced?
- Greater sensitivity to cultural issues
- Inclusion of cultural moral and models
- Culture-sensitive therapies/gender-sensitive therapies
101
What are the strengths of the sociocultural model?
- Added to clinical understanding and treatment of abnormality
- Increased awareness of clinical and social roles
- Have been clinically successful when other treatments have failed
102
What are the weaknesses of the sociocultural model?
- Research is difficult to interpret
- Models are unable to predict abnormality in specific individuals
103
Culturally-sensitive approaches typically include the following elements
1. Special cultural instruction for therapists in their graduate training program
2. The therapist’s awareness of a client’s cultural values
3. The therapist’s awareness of the stress, prejudices, and stereotypes to which minority clients are exposed
4. The therapist’s awareness of the hardships faced by the children of immigrants
5. Helping clients recognize the impact of both their own culture and the dominant culture on their self-views and behaviors
6. Helping clients identify and express suppressed anger and pain
7. Helping clients achieve a bicultural balance that feels right for them
8. Helping clients raise their self-esteem — a sense of self-worth that has often been damaged by generations of negative messages
104
Developmental Psychopathology
A perspective that uses a developmental framework to understand how variables and principles from the various models may collectively account for human functioning.
105
True or False: many theorists suggests abnormal behavioral theories should include multiple causes at a time
True: many theorists suggests abnormal behavioral theories should include multiple causes at a time
106
Equifinity
The principle that a number of different developmental pathways can lead to the same psychological disorder
107
Multifinity
The principle that persons with similar developmental histories may nevertheless have different clinical outcomes or react to comparable current situations in very different ways
