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Abnormal Psych > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the overall cost of substance misuse in the U.S. alone?

A

$740 billion

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2
Q

How many people have used cocaine, heroin, or another illegal substance?

A

135 million

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3
Q

How many people have used illegal substances within the past month?

A

32 million

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4
Q

__________ teenagers have used an illegal substance

A

One-quarter

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5
Q

In any given year, ________ of all teens and adults in the United States have a substance use disorder

A

7.4%

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6
Q

Which ethnicity group have the highest rate of substance use disorders in the U.S.?

A

American Indians

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7
Q

Which ethnicity group have the lowest rate of substance use disorders in the U.S.?

A

Asian Americans

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8
Q

What percentage of all those with substance use disorders receive treatment?

A

18.4%

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9
Q

Drug

A

Any substance other than food affecting our bodies or minds

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10
Q

Substance Intoxication

A

Cluster of changes in behavior, emotion, or thought caused by substances

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11
Q

Substance Use Disorders

A

Maladaptive behavior patterns and reactions caused by repeated substance use

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12
Q

Tolerance

A

Need for increasing doses of substances to produce desired effect

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13
Q

Withdrawal

A

Unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms occurring with drug stopping or cutting back

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14
Q

Depressants

A

Substances that slows the activity of the central nervous system (CNS)

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15
Q

True or False: depressants reduce tension and inhibitions and may interfere with judgment, motor activity, and concentration

A

True

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16
Q

What are the most widely used depressants?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Sedative-hypnotic drugs
  • Opioid
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17
Q

True or False: some alcoholic beverages do not contain ethyl alcohol

A

False: all alcoholic beverages contain ethyl alcohol

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18
Q

How is ethyl alcohol absorbed in the body?

A

Absorbed into the blood through the stomach lining

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19
Q

Extent of the effect of ethyl alcohol is determined by ______________

A

Its concentration (proportion) in the blood

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20
Q

What is the concentration blood level that results in intoxication?

A

0.09%

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21
Q

What is the concentration blood level that results in death?

A

0.55%

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22
Q

Alcohol increases the activity of the neurotransmitter ________ at key sites of the brain

A

GABA

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23
Q

True or False: effects of alcohol subside only after alcohol is metabolized by the liver

A

True

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24
Q

True or False: gender affects blood alcohol concentration

A

True

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25
Q

What percentage of middle schoolers report some alcohol use?

A

25%

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26
Q

What percentage of high schoolers report drinking monthly?

A

29%

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27
Q

What percentage of high schoolers report drinking daily?

A

2%

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28
Q

What percentage of college students report engaging in monthly binge drinking?

A

38%

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29
Q

Binge Drinking

A

Consuming at least 5 or more alcoholic drinks in one sitting

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30
Q

What percentage of the U.S. population older than 11 years have an alcohol use disorder?

A

5.4%

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31
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Irreversible liver damage due to alcohol use disorder

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32
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Lost of brain tissue that mimics dementia

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33
Q

Sedative-hypnotic drugs are also referred to as?

A

Anxiolytic drugs

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34
Q

Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

A

Produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness to reduce anxiety and help people sleep

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35
Q

What do low doses of sedative-hypnotic drugs produce?

A

Calming or sedative effect

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36
Q

What do high doses of sedative-hypnotic drugs produce?

A

Sleep inducers or hypnotics

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37
Q

What are the types of sedative-hypnotic drugs?

A
  • Barbiturates
  • Benzodiazepines
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38
Q

High doses of benzodiazepines can cause…

A

Intoxication and lead to sedative-hypnotic use disorder

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39
Q

As many as ________ of the elderly population are prescribed benzodiazepines medications

A

17%

40
Q

What are examples of natural opioids?

A
  • Opium
  • Heroin
  • Morphine
  • Codeine
41
Q

What is an example of a synthetic blend opioid?

A

Methadone

42
Q

Opioids are collectively known as _____________

A

Narcotics

43
Q

When were opium-derived drugs deem addictive and illegal in the U.S.?

A

1917

44
Q

True or False: each drugs has a different strength, speed of action, and tolerance level

A

True

45
Q

How many people over age 11 have taken medical opioids in the past year?

A

86 million

46
Q

What are examples of medical opioids?

A
  • Morphine
  • Codeine
  • Oxycodone
47
Q

True or False: it may take a while for users to become caught in a pattern of abuse

A

False: users may become caught in a pattern of abuse after just a few weeks

48
Q

What are the dangers associated with opioid use?

A
  • Most immediate danger is overdose
  • Ignorance of tolerance
  • Getting impure drugs
  • Infection from dirty needles and other equipment, deadly substances mixed with opioid
49
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system (CNS)

50
Q

What are the most common stimulants?

A
  • Cocaine
  • Amphetamines
  • Caffeine
  • Nicotine
51
Q

What is the most powerful known natural stimulant?

A

Cocaine

52
Q

What are the body’s reaction to cocaine?

A
  • Produces a euphoric rush of well-being, followed by letdown (crashing)
  • Increases the supply of dopamine at key neurons throughout brain as well as norepinephrine and serotonin levels
53
Q

How many people have tried using cocaine?

A

40 million

54
Q

_____________ currently use cocaine

A

2 million

55
Q

What are the effects of high doses of cocaine?

A
  • Cocaine intoxication
  • Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder
  • Depression-like letdown (crashing)
56
Q

What are the physical dangers of cocaine?

A
  • Greater risk of overdose
  • Excessive doses depress the brain’s respiratory function and stop breathing
  • Heart irregularities or brain seizures can lead to death
  • Increased likelihood of pregnancy complications
57
Q

What are examples of laboratory-manufactured stimulant drugs?

A
  • Amphetamine
  • Dextroamphetamine
  • Methamphetamine
58
Q

True or False: misuse of amphetamines are rare among college students

A

False: misuse common among college students

59
Q

How many people in the U.S. population older than 11 have used methamphetamine at least once?

A

5.4%

60
Q

True or False: methamphetamine are designated as a club drug

A

True

61
Q

What are the dangers of using methamphetamine?

A
  • Serious negative effects on physical, mental, and social life
  • Linked to increased ER visits
  • May cause neurotoxicity
62
Q

What are the effects of caffeine?

A
  • Enhances physical stamina and reduces fatigue
  • Can disrupt mood, fine motor movements, reaction time, and sleep
  • Increases gastric acid secretions and breathing rate at high doses
63
Q

True or False: caffeine use disorder is not listed in the DSM-5

A

True

64
Q

Stimulant Use Disorder

A

Stimulant dominates the individual’s life and leads to poor functioning in social relationships and at work

65
Q

What is the percentage of people with stimulant use disorder centered on cocaine?

A

0.4%

66
Q

What is the percentage of people with stimulant use disorder centered on methamphetamines or another kind of amphetamine?

A

0.6%

67
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Drugs that produce powerful changes primarily in
sensory perception (trips)

68
Q

What are examples of natural hallucinogens?

A
  • Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
  • Mescaline
  • Psilocybin
  • MDMA (Ecstasy)
69
Q

One of most powerful hallucinogens derived from
ergot alkaloids is __________

A

LSD

70
Q

What are the effects of LSD?

A
  • Brings on a state of hallucinogen intoxication (hallucinosis)
  • Increased and altered sensory perception, psychological changes, and physical symptoms
  • Hallucinations and/or synesthesia
71
Q

How long do the effects of LSD last for?

A

Wears off in about 6 hours

72
Q

What percentage of people in the U.S. have used hallucinogens at least once in their life?

A

10%

73
Q

What is the percentage of people in the U.S. that currently use hallucinogens?

A

0.2%

74
Q

True or False: LSD tolerance and withdrawal is rare

A

True

75
Q

What are examples of the dangers in long-term effects of using LSD and other hallucinogens?

A
  • Self-injury
  • Bad trips
  • Flashbacks
76
Q

Cannabis use disorder is influenced by __________

A

Regular use

77
Q

True or False: current varieties of marijuana are less powerful and contain less THC than those found in 1970s

A

False: current varieties of marijuana are 7 times more powerful than those found in 1970s, due to the higher THC content

78
Q

What are the dangers of cannabis use disorder?

A
  • Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
  • Occasional panic reactions, automobile accidents, and decreased memory while high
  • Long-term health problems; reproduction problems
79
Q

Medical use for marijuana is legalized in how many states?

A

30

80
Q

Recreational use for marijuana is legalized in how many states?

A

10

81
Q

______ of people in the U.S. believe that marijuana should be legalized

A

67%

82
Q

Polysubstance Use

A

People often take more than one drug at a time

83
Q

According to sociocultural theorists, people who are more likely to develop substance use disorders are:

A
  • Living in stressful socioeconomic conditions
  • Have families that value or tolerate drug use
  • Are confronted regularly by other kinds of stress
84
Q

According to psychodynamic theorists, people who are more likely to develop substance use disorders are:

A
  • Have powerful early years dependency needs
  • Display substance abuse personal
85
Q

According to cognitive-behavioral theorists, people who are more likely to develop substance use disorders are:

A
  • Operant conditioned by tension-reduction, rewarding effects of drugs (self-medication)
  • Have rewards-produced expectancy that substances will be rewarding
  • Influenced by classical conditioning when cues or objects are present during drug use
86
Q

What are biological factors that play a major role in drug misuse?

A
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Brain circuits
87
Q

Incentive-Sensitization Theory

A

When substances repeatedly stimulate the reward center, the center develops a hypersensitivity to the substances

88
Q

Reward-Deficiency Syndrome

A

The reward center is not readily activated by “normal”
life events, so the person turns to drugs to stimulate
this pleasure pathway, particularly in times of stress

89
Q

What does the developmental psychopathology view believe are factors to drug misuse?

A
  • Genetically inherited predisposition
  • Externalizing or internalizing temperament
  • Numerous stressors throughout childhood
  • Inadequate parenting
  • Rewarding substance use experiences
  • Relationships with peers who use drugs
90
Q

True or False: the value of treatment for substance abuse or dependence can be difficult to determine

A

True

91
Q

True or False: many people with substance abuse patterns drop out of treatment early

A

True

92
Q

How do psychodynamic therapies help people with substance abuse?

A

Clients helped to become aware of and correct underlying needs and conflicts related to drug use

93
Q

How do cognitive-behavioral techniques help people with substance abuse?

A

Clients are helped to identify and change behaviors and cognitions that contribute to patterns of substance misuse

94
Q

What biological treatments are available to help people with substance abuse?

A
  • Detoxification
  • Antagonist drugs
  • Drug maintenance therapies
95
Q

What sociocultural therapies are available to help people with substance abuse?

A
  • Self-help and residential treatment programs
  • Culture- and gender-sensitive programs
  • Community prevention programs

Abnormal Psych (12 decks)

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