Chapter 11 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the overall cost of substance misuse in the U.S. alone?
A
$740 billion
2
Q
How many people have used cocaine, heroin, or another illegal substance?
A
135 million
3
Q
How many people have used illegal substances within the past month?
A
32 million
4
Q
__________ teenagers have used an illegal substance
A
One-quarter
5
Q
In any given year, ________ of all teens and adults in the United States have a substance use disorder
A
7.4%
6
Q
Which ethnicity group have the highest rate of substance use disorders in the U.S.?
A
American Indians
7
Q
Which ethnicity group have the lowest rate of substance use disorders in the U.S.?
A
Asian Americans
8
Q
What percentage of all those with substance use disorders receive treatment?
A
18.4%
9
Q
Drug
A
Any substance other than food affecting our bodies or minds
10
Q
Substance Intoxication
A
Cluster of changes in behavior, emotion, or thought caused by substances
11
Q
Substance Use Disorders
A
Maladaptive behavior patterns and reactions caused by repeated substance use
12
Q
Tolerance
A
Need for increasing doses of substances to produce desired effect
13
Q
Withdrawal
A
Unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms occurring with drug stopping or cutting back
14
Q
Depressants
A
Substances that slows the activity of the central nervous system (CNS)
15
Q
True or False: depressants reduce tension and inhibitions and may interfere with judgment, motor activity, and concentration
A
True
16
Q
What are the most widely used depressants?
A
- Alcohol
- Sedative-hypnotic drugs
- Opioid
17
Q
True or False: some alcoholic beverages do not contain ethyl alcohol
A
False: all alcoholic beverages contain ethyl alcohol
18
Q
How is ethyl alcohol absorbed in the body?
A
Absorbed into the blood through the stomach lining
19
Q
Extent of the effect of ethyl alcohol is determined by ______________
A
Its concentration (proportion) in the blood
20
Q
What is the concentration blood level that results in intoxication?
A
0.09%
21
Q
What is the concentration blood level that results in death?
A
0.55%
22
Q
Alcohol increases the activity of the neurotransmitter ________ at key sites of the brain
A
GABA
23
Q
True or False: effects of alcohol subside only after alcohol is metabolized by the liver
A
True
24
Q
True or False: gender affects blood alcohol concentration
A
True
25
What percentage of middle schoolers report some alcohol use?
25%
26
What percentage of high schoolers report drinking monthly?
29%
27
What percentage of high schoolers report drinking daily?
2%
28
What percentage of college students report engaging in monthly binge drinking?
38%
29
Binge Drinking
Consuming at least 5 or more alcoholic drinks in one sitting
30
What percentage of the U.S. population older than 11 years have an alcohol use disorder?
5.4%
31
Cirrhosis
Irreversible liver damage due to alcohol use disorder
32
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Lost of brain tissue that mimics dementia
33
Sedative-hypnotic drugs are also referred to as?
Anxiolytic drugs
34
Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
Produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness to reduce anxiety and help people sleep
35
What do low doses of sedative-hypnotic drugs produce?
Calming or sedative effect
36
What do high doses of sedative-hypnotic drugs produce?
Sleep inducers or hypnotics
37
What are the types of sedative-hypnotic drugs?
- Barbiturates
- Benzodiazepines
38
High doses of benzodiazepines can cause...
Intoxication and lead to sedative-hypnotic use disorder
39
As many as ________ of the elderly population are prescribed benzodiazepines medications
17%
40
What are examples of natural opioids?
- Opium
- Heroin
- Morphine
- Codeine
41
What is an example of a synthetic blend opioid?
Methadone
42
Opioids are collectively known as _____________
Narcotics
43
When were opium-derived drugs deem addictive and illegal in the U.S.?
1917
44
True or False: each drugs has a different strength, speed of action, and tolerance level
True
45
How many people over age 11 have taken medical opioids in the past year?
86 million
46
What are examples of medical opioids?
- Morphine
- Codeine
- Oxycodone
47
True or False: it may take a while for users to become caught in a pattern of abuse
False: users may become caught in a pattern of abuse after just a few weeks
48
What are the dangers associated with opioid use?
- Most immediate danger is overdose
- Ignorance of tolerance
- Getting impure drugs
- Infection from dirty needles and other equipment, deadly substances mixed with opioid
49
Stimulants
Drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system (CNS)
50
What are the most common stimulants?
- Cocaine
- Amphetamines
- Caffeine
- Nicotine
51
What is the most powerful known natural stimulant?
Cocaine
52
What are the body's reaction to cocaine?
- Produces a euphoric rush of well-being, followed by letdown (crashing)
- Increases the supply of dopamine at key neurons throughout brain as well as norepinephrine and serotonin levels
53
How many people have tried using cocaine?
40 million
54
_____________ currently use cocaine
2 million
55
What are the effects of high doses of cocaine?
- Cocaine intoxication
- Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder
- Depression-like letdown (crashing)
56
What are the physical dangers of cocaine?
- Greater risk of overdose
- Excessive doses depress the brain's respiratory function and stop breathing
- Heart irregularities or brain seizures can lead to death
- Increased likelihood of pregnancy complications
57
What are examples of laboratory-manufactured stimulant drugs?
- Amphetamine
- Dextroamphetamine
- Methamphetamine
58
True or False: misuse of amphetamines are rare among college students
False: misuse common among college students
59
How many people in the U.S. population older than 11 have used methamphetamine at least once?
5.4%
60
True or False: methamphetamine are designated as a club drug
True
61
What are the dangers of using methamphetamine?
- Serious negative effects on physical, mental, and social life
- Linked to increased ER visits
- May cause neurotoxicity
62
What are the effects of caffeine?
- Enhances physical stamina and reduces fatigue
- Can disrupt mood, fine motor movements, reaction time, and sleep
- Increases gastric acid secretions and breathing rate at high doses
63
True or False: caffeine use disorder is not listed in the DSM-5
True
64
Stimulant Use Disorder
Stimulant dominates the individual’s life and leads to poor functioning in social relationships and at work
65
What is the percentage of people with stimulant use disorder centered on cocaine?
0.4%
66
What is the percentage of people with stimulant use disorder centered on methamphetamines or another kind of amphetamine?
0.6%
67
Hallucinogens
Drugs that produce powerful changes primarily in
sensory perception (trips)
68
What are examples of natural hallucinogens?
- Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
- Mescaline
- Psilocybin
- MDMA (Ecstasy)
69
One of most powerful hallucinogens derived from
ergot alkaloids is __________
LSD
70
What are the effects of LSD?
- Brings on a state of hallucinogen intoxication (hallucinosis)
- Increased and altered sensory perception, psychological changes, and physical symptoms
- Hallucinations and/or synesthesia
71
How long do the effects of LSD last for?
Wears off in about 6 hours
72
What percentage of people in the U.S. have used hallucinogens at least once in their life?
10%
73
What is the percentage of people in the U.S. that currently use hallucinogens?
0.2%
74
True or False: LSD tolerance and withdrawal is rare
True
75
What are examples of the dangers in long-term effects of using LSD and other hallucinogens?
- Self-injury
- Bad trips
- Flashbacks
76
Cannabis use disorder is influenced by __________
Regular use
77
True or False: current varieties of marijuana are less powerful and contain less THC than those found in 1970s
False: current varieties of marijuana are 7 times more powerful than those found in 1970s, due to the higher THC content
78
What are the dangers of cannabis use disorder?
- Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
- Occasional panic reactions, automobile accidents, and decreased memory while high
- Long-term health problems; reproduction problems
79
Medical use for marijuana is legalized in how many states?
30
80
Recreational use for marijuana is legalized in how many states?
10
81
______ of people in the U.S. believe that marijuana should be legalized
67%
82
Polysubstance Use
People often take more than one drug at a time
83
According to sociocultural theorists, people who are more likely to develop substance use disorders are:
- Living in stressful socioeconomic conditions
- Have families that value or tolerate drug use
- Are confronted regularly by other kinds of stress
84
According to psychodynamic theorists, people who are more likely to develop substance use disorders are:
- Have powerful early years dependency needs
- Display substance abuse personal
85
According to cognitive-behavioral theorists, people who are more likely to develop substance use disorders are:
- Operant conditioned by tension-reduction, rewarding effects of drugs (self-medication)
- Have rewards-produced expectancy that substances will be rewarding
- Influenced by classical conditioning when cues or objects are present during drug use
86
What are biological factors that play a major role in drug misuse?
- Genetic predisposition
- Neurotransmitters
- Brain circuits
87
Incentive-Sensitization Theory
When substances repeatedly stimulate the reward center, the center develops a hypersensitivity to the substances
88
Reward-Deficiency Syndrome
The reward center is not readily activated by “normal”
life events, so the person turns to drugs to stimulate
this pleasure pathway, particularly in times of stress
89
What does the developmental psychopathology view believe are factors to drug misuse?
- Genetically inherited predisposition
- Externalizing or internalizing temperament
- Numerous stressors throughout childhood
- Inadequate parenting
- Rewarding substance use experiences
- Relationships with peers who use drugs
90
True or False: the value of treatment for substance abuse or dependence can be difficult to determine
True
91
True or False: many people with substance abuse patterns drop out of treatment early
True
92
How do psychodynamic therapies help people with substance abuse?
Clients helped to become aware of and correct underlying needs and conflicts related to drug use
93
How do cognitive-behavioral techniques help people with substance abuse?
Clients are helped to identify and change behaviors and cognitions that contribute to patterns of substance misuse
94
What biological treatments are available to help people with substance abuse?
- Detoxification
- Antagonist drugs
- Drug maintenance therapies
95
What sociocultural therapies are available to help people with substance abuse?
- Self-help and residential treatment programs
- Culture- and gender-sensitive programs
- Community prevention programs
