Chapter 6 Flashcards
What is deviance
straying from what’s normal
what are overt-characteristics
actions or qualities that are seen as explicitly violating the norm
ex.hair styles, clothing, music
what are Covert characteristics
qualities that might make a certain group a target for sanctions
ex.race, age, ethnic background
what are three important aspects of deviance that ‘tattooing” highlights
- Deviance differs across cultures
- Deviance changes over time
- Deviance is contested (can cause conflict)
what is conflict deviance
a disagreement among groups over whether something is deviant to not
ex.marijuana (was prohibited but is now legal)
What is “Social Construction”
the idea that certain elements of life (like deviance/gender/race) are not natural but artificial and created by society
What is Essentialism
the opposite of social construction
the idea that there is something natural and true about social characteristics
Who studied Stigma and Deviance
Erving Goffman
what is Stigma and what are the 3 types
discrimination against someone based on a persons characteristics
- bodily stigmata
- moral stigmata
- tribal stigmata
What is Bodily stigmata
any of various physical deformities
what is Moral Stigmata
flaws in the character of an individual
what is Tribal Stigmata
relating or being part of a group or family that is seen as bad
ex. the family of a murderer
What is “the other”
an image constructed by the dominant culture ton characterize subcultures
What were the “zoot suit riots’ that occurred in LA (1943)
teenage Latino and African men were targets for wartime tension as they were getting jobs due to the older people leaving for the war. The money they made was spent on a unique style of dress and haircuts and dancing. This was called Zuit suit culture
what is a Moral Panic
a campaign designed to arouse concern over an issue or a group, usually something very small that has been exaggerated so it seems significant
what is a moral entrepreneur and who was it coined by
someone who has something to gain through a moral panic- from public fear ex. a journalist
coined by Becker
What is a Canadian example of a Moral Panic
when Zunera Ishaq fought to wear her hijab while taking the oath of Canadian citizenship. The government created a moral panic calling it offensive for wanting to hide your face during the oath
what is racializing Deviance
making ethnicity a characteristic of deviance
ex. arabs seen as terrorists
what is carding
a police procedure in which officers stop, question, and document people when no offence is being committed due to racial profiling
what is misogyny
hating women
what is patriarchal construct
when social conditions are structured in a way that favours men over woman
ex.men being paid more
what were Magdalene asylums
They housed women who were prostitutes, or unmarried and sexually active against their will
yet men were not held back from acting this way
Who was Mari Steed
she was born in Ireland and was brought to the US where she was put up for adoption
what was the female refuge act (1913-1064)
is when young woman were forced to attend institutions/jails for being sexually active outside of marriage
why are poor people considered deviant
because they are more likely to to overindulge in alcohol compared to other classes and are more likely to commit crime
What did Jeffery Reiman argue
That the criminal justice system is biased against the poor
what is the ‘schools-to-prison’ hypothesis
the idea that schools that are located in poorer/racialized neighbourhoods have higher crime rates, suspensions, and violence
what was the Ontario’s Safe School Act
it examined school suspension rates in all off Ontario and showed that the areas with the highest rates also had higher rates in incarceration (imprisonment)
What are Social resources
refers to knowledge of the law/legal system, and the ability to afford a good lawyer and social connections.
They help people avoid punishment from the police/courts. Which is why most poor people and up in jail and rich people get away with their crimes
what is impression management
the control of personal information to manipulate how others see and treat you
when was homosexuality legalized
1967
which countries have the most severe penalties for homosexuality
Africa and the Middle East and in Brunei (death penalty)
Who is Lennard Davis
a leading figure in the sociological study of disability
What is the Eugenics Movement
it was a movement based on the belief that intelligence can be measured easily and that it is inherited
Who was Henry Goddard
he believed that feeble-mindedness (being dumb) was hereditary
What was the Sexual Sterilization Act
Occurred in Alberta, it was the belief that controlled breeding could be used to improve the population by limiting the reproduction of unfavourable characteristics, which also punished racial ethnic deviants especially indigenous peoples.
Who was Leilani Muir
She was a 14 year old girl who had failed an IQ test. As a result, her Fallopian tubes were destroyed so that she could no longer reproduce
Who developed the Strain theory
Robert Merton
what is the strain theory
the idea that there is a disconnect between societies culturally defined goals and the unequal distribution of means necessary to achieve these goals
What does “anomie” mean
When those with less resources find themselves prevented from achieving societies version of success, they experience anomie
who developed the structural theory
Albert Cohen
what is the subcultural theory
the theory that youths drawn to crime are those who have failed school, and became socialized into a delinquent subculture (similar to strain theory)
who created the labeling theory
Howard Becker
what is the Labeling Theory
The theory that individuals and groups outside the mainstream internalize the labels applied to them by the dominant class
(might cause them to act a certain way)
who created the Social Control Theory
Travis Hirschi
What is the social control Theory
Social control theory proposes that people’s relationships, commitments, values, norms, and beliefs encourage them not to break the law.
four elements of social bonds: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
when were the crack years
mid 1980s
why are Canadians more afraid of crime
because of 24/7 news and media (informing society of all the Crime that is going on?
