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MICRO > CHAPTER 6 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what two groups of organisms based on source of carbon

A

autotrophs and heterotrophs

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2
Q

what two groups of organisms based on source of energy

A

chemotrophs and phototrophs

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3
Q

what two groups of organisms are based on source of electrons

A

organotrophs and lithotrophs

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4
Q

what are organotrophs

A

heterotrophs, organic molecules are source of e-

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5
Q

what are lithotrophs

A

autotrophs, inorganic molecules source of e-

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6
Q

t or f

oxygen is essential for obligate aerobes

A

true

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7
Q

t or f

oxygen is essential for obligate anaerobes

A

false; it is deadly

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8
Q

what are 4 toxic forms of oxygen

A

singlet oxygen
superoxide radicals
peroxide anion
hydroxyl radical

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9
Q

define obligate aerobe

A

cannot grow w/out oxygen

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10
Q

define facultative anaerobe

A

prefer utilizing oxygen but can also can grow/survive w/out it

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11
Q

define microaerophile

A

requires low amount of oxygen. high levels can be lethal

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12
Q

define obligate anaerobe

A

lacks the enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in an oxygen environment

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13
Q

define aerotolerant anaerobes

A

do not utilize oxygen for metabolism but can survive and grow in its presence

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14
Q

anabolism often ceases due to insufficient _______

A

nitrogen

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15
Q

what happens in nitrogen fixation

A

convert atmospheric N2 to NH3 (essential to life on earth)

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16
Q

define trace elements

A

elements required in small amounts

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17
Q

define trace elements

A

elements required in small amounts

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18
Q

define fastidious

A

organisms that need multiple growth factors

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19
Q

what affects the 3D structure of proteins

A

temperature

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20
Q

define cardinal temperatures

A

range of temperatures for microbial growth

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21
Q

minimum vs maximum temperature

A

lowest/highest temp that permits a microbes growth and metabolism

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22
Q

define optimum temperature

A

promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism

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23
Q

define psychrophiles

A

optimum temp below 15 degrees C; capable of growth @ 0 degrees C

24
Q

mesophiles optimum temp

A

optimum temp 20-40 degrees C; most human pathogens

25
Q

psychrotroph optimum temp

A

grows below 20 degrees C

26
Q

thermophiles optimum temp

A

greater than 45 degrees C; generally range of 50-60 degrees C; found in hot springs

27
Q

Hyperthermophiles/ extreme thermophiles optimum temp

A

greater than 80 degrees C

28
Q

neutrophiles grow best in a narrow range around _____pH

A

neutral

29
Q

acidophiles grow best in

A

acidic habitats

30
Q

alkalinophiles live in

A

alkaline soils and water

31
Q

define hypotonic solutions

A

have lower solute concentrations; cell will swell in this solution

32
Q

define hypertonic solutions

A

have greater solute concentrations; cell will shrivel in this solution

33
Q

obligate halophiles thrive in

A

high salt environments

34
Q

barophiles live under extreme

A

pressure

35
Q

what is an antagonistic relationship

A

one of the members is harmed or killed

36
Q

what is a synergistic relationship

A

greater benefits together than alone

37
Q

what is symbiotic relationship

A

interdependent on eachother

38
Q

what is quorum sensing

A

the regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell population density

39
Q

define synthetic media

A

exact chemical composition is known

40
Q

define complex media

A

exact chemical composition is unknown

41
Q

define selective media

A

contain substances that favor or inhibit growth of particular microorgansims

42
Q

define differential media

A

allows growth of several types of microbes

43
Q

define anaerobic media

A

special culture conditions for obligate anaerobes

44
Q

define transport media

A

ensure clinical specimens are not contaminated

45
Q

Refrigeration stores for

A

short periods of time

46
Q

deep-freezing stores for

A

years

47
Q

lyophilization stores for

A

decades

48
Q

what is generation time

A

time required for a bacterial cell to grow and divide

49
Q

what is the lag phase of the growth curve

A

flat period of adjustment, enlargement, little growth

50
Q

what is the exponential growth phase of the growth curve

A

a period of maximum growth when cells have adequate nutrients

51
Q

what is the stationary phase of the growth curve

A

rate of cell growth = rate of cell death caused by depleted nutrients

52
Q

what is the death phase of the growth curve

A

as limiting factors intensify, cells due exponentially

53
Q

what is a chemostat

A

used to maintain a microbial population in a particular phase of growth

54
Q

coulter counter counts cells as they

A

interrupt an electrical current

55
Q

flow cytometry detects change in

A

light transmission as cells pass a detector

56
Q

what are the indirect methods of counting microbial reproduction

A

turbidity, metabolic activity, dry weight, genetic methods

MICRO (15 decks)

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