CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
What are organic compounds?
Those that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
Atoms often appear in arrangements called what?
functional groups
What are macromolecules?
large molecules used by all organisms
What are the 4 major categories of macromolecules?
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are monomers?
basic building blocks of macromolecules
What are the 4 groups of lipids?
fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, waxes, steroids
One common trait between lipids?
all hydrophobic
Fats (triglycerides): structure/composition, example, and function/use
Structure- 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids - 3 H2O (dehydration synthesis reaction)
Example- butter (saturated) and oil (unsaturated)
Function- storing energy, can be catabolized to provide energy for movement, synthesis, or transport
Saturated vs unsaturated fats
saturated fats have single bonds that link one carbon to two hydrogen atoms.
unsaturated fats contain double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms
on the fatty acid tails
monounsaturated vs polyunsaturated fats
monounsaturated fats contain one double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms
polyunsaturated fats contain more than one double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms
on the fatty acid tails
Phospholipids: structure/composition, example, and function/use
Structure- 1 glycerol + 1 phosphate + 2 fatty acids
Example- cell membrane (hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tail)
Function/Use- phospholipid bilayer makes up cell membrane and form permeability barrier
Waxes: structure/composition, example, and function/use
Structure- 1 long fatty acid covalently linked to long-chain alcohol by an ester bond (lack hydrophilic head and are completely insoluble in water)
Example- carnuba wax, beeswax
Function- some marine microbes use waxes instead of fats as energy storage molecules
Steroids: structure/composition, example, and function/use
Structure- 4 fused rings
Example- cholesterol
Function- inserted into phospholipid bilayer and reinforces the membrane (cholesterol specifically); play many roles in human metabolism, some act as hormones
What are carbohydrates?
organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Functions of carbohydrates? (6)
long term storage of chemical energy ready energy source part of backbones of nucleic acids converted to amino acids form cell wall involved in intracellular interactions between animal cells
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Monosaccharides: structure/composition, example, and function/use
Structure- 1 sugar molecule (simple sugars); alpha or beta configuration (determined by how functional groups are oriented at hydrogen 1)
Example- glucose
Function- primary energy molecule of cells; important in cellular metabolism
Disaccharides: structure/composition, example, and function/use
Structure- 2 sugar molecules - 1 molecule of H2O (glycosidic bond), 2 monosaccharides linked via dehydration synthesis
Example- sucrose (table sugar)
Function- ready energy source??
Polysaccharides: structure/composition, example, and function/use
Structure- 3+ sugar molecules
Example- cellulose (from alpha configuration), amylose (from beta configuration)
Function- energy storage or structural support
The cell walls of bacteria are composed of what?
peptidoglycan
What is peptidoglycan composed of?
polysaccharides and amino acids
Protein are composed mostly of what?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
What are the functions of proteins?
structure, enzymatic catalysis, regulation, transportation, defense and offense
What are the monomeric units of proteins?
amino acids
Polymers of amino acids?
peptide, polypeptide, protein
What are amino acids?
organic molecules with a carboxyl group, an amino group, and side chains called R groups. There are 21 amino acids and the R group is what makes them different.
Amino acids are linked by what?
peptide bonds
What is a polypeptide?
a polymer of amino acids
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary
Primary structure
long chain of amino acids making up a polypeptide
Secondary structure
helical structure (alpha) or beta pleated sheets (beta)
Tertiary structure
combination of alpha helix and beta pleated sheets -globular
Quarternary structure
two or more polypeptides acting together as a single protein
What are the vital genetic material of cells and viruses?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
What does RNA also do?
acts as enzyme, binds amino acids, and helps form polypeptides
What are nucleotides?
monomers that make up nucleic acids
composed of 3 parts- phosphate, pentose sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose), and one of five cyclic nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C, or U)
What are nucleosides?
nucleotides lacking phosphate
Nucleic acid structure
3 H bonds between C and G
2 H bonds between T and A (DNA) or U and A (RNA)
Comparison of DNA and RNA (6)
DNA:
double helix in cells and most DNA viruses, single stranded in parvovirus, deoxyribose sugar, purine nucleotides are A and G, pyrimidine nucleotides are T and C, function is genetic material of all cells and DNA viruses
RNA:
single stranded in cells and in most RNA viruses, double stranded in reoviruses, ribose sugar, purine nucleotides are A and G, pyrimidine nucleotides are U and C, function is protein synthesis in all cells and genetic material of RNA viruses
Structure of ATP
nucleotide- adenine, ribose, 3 phosphates
Function of ATP
transfer and storage of energy
