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MICRO > CHAPTER 2 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Those that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms

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2
Q

Atoms often appear in arrangements called what?

A

functional groups

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3
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

large molecules used by all organisms

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4
Q

What are the 4 major categories of macromolecules?

A

Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

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5
Q

What are monomers?

A

basic building blocks of macromolecules

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6
Q

What are the 4 groups of lipids?

A

fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, waxes, steroids

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7
Q

One common trait between lipids?

A

all hydrophobic

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8
Q

Fats (triglycerides): structure/composition, example, and function/use

A

Structure- 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids - 3 H2O (dehydration synthesis reaction)
Example- butter (saturated) and oil (unsaturated)
Function- storing energy, can be catabolized to provide energy for movement, synthesis, or transport

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9
Q

Saturated vs unsaturated fats

A

saturated fats have single bonds that link one carbon to two hydrogen atoms.
unsaturated fats contain double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms

on the fatty acid tails

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10
Q

monounsaturated vs polyunsaturated fats

A

monounsaturated fats contain one double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms
polyunsaturated fats contain more than one double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms

on the fatty acid tails

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11
Q

Phospholipids: structure/composition, example, and function/use

A

Structure- 1 glycerol + 1 phosphate + 2 fatty acids
Example- cell membrane (hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tail)
Function/Use- phospholipid bilayer makes up cell membrane and form permeability barrier

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12
Q

Waxes: structure/composition, example, and function/use

A

Structure- 1 long fatty acid covalently linked to long-chain alcohol by an ester bond (lack hydrophilic head and are completely insoluble in water)
Example- carnuba wax, beeswax
Function- some marine microbes use waxes instead of fats as energy storage molecules

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13
Q

Steroids: structure/composition, example, and function/use

A

Structure- 4 fused rings
Example- cholesterol
Function- inserted into phospholipid bilayer and reinforces the membrane (cholesterol specifically); play many roles in human metabolism, some act as hormones

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14
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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15
Q

Functions of carbohydrates? (6)

A 
long term storage of chemical energy
ready energy source
part of backbones of nucleic acids
converted to amino acids
form cell wall
involved in intracellular interactions between animal cells
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16
Q

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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17
Q

Monosaccharides: structure/composition, example, and function/use

A

Structure- 1 sugar molecule (simple sugars); alpha or beta configuration (determined by how functional groups are oriented at hydrogen 1)
Example- glucose
Function- primary energy molecule of cells; important in cellular metabolism

18
Q

Disaccharides: structure/composition, example, and function/use

A

Structure- 2 sugar molecules - 1 molecule of H2O (glycosidic bond), 2 monosaccharides linked via dehydration synthesis
Example- sucrose (table sugar)
Function- ready energy source??

19
Q

Polysaccharides: structure/composition, example, and function/use

A

Structure- 3+ sugar molecules
Example- cellulose (from alpha configuration), amylose (from beta configuration)
Function- energy storage or structural support

20
Q

The cell walls of bacteria are composed of what?

A

peptidoglycan

21
Q

What is peptidoglycan composed of?

A

polysaccharides and amino acids

22
Q

Protein are composed mostly of what?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

23
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

structure, enzymatic catalysis, regulation, transportation, defense and offense

24
Q

What are the monomeric units of proteins?

A

amino acids

25
Q

Polymers of amino acids?

A

peptide, polypeptide, protein

26
Q

What are amino acids?

A

organic molecules with a carboxyl group, an amino group, and side chains called R groups. There are 21 amino acids and the R group is what makes them different.

27
Q

Amino acids are linked by what?

A

peptide bonds

28
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

a polymer of amino acids

29
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary

30
Q

Primary structure

A

long chain of amino acids making up a polypeptide

31
Q

Secondary structure

A

helical structure (alpha) or beta pleated sheets (beta)

32
Q

Tertiary structure

A

combination of alpha helix and beta pleated sheets -globular

33
Q

Quarternary structure

A

two or more polypeptides acting together as a single protein

34
Q

What are the vital genetic material of cells and viruses?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

35
Q

What does RNA also do?

A

acts as enzyme, binds amino acids, and helps form polypeptides

36
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

monomers that make up nucleic acids
composed of 3 parts- phosphate, pentose sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose), and one of five cyclic nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C, or U)

37
Q

What are nucleosides?

A

nucleotides lacking phosphate

38
Q

Nucleic acid structure

A

3 H bonds between C and G

2 H bonds between T and A (DNA) or U and A (RNA)

39
Q

Comparison of DNA and RNA (6)

A

DNA:
double helix in cells and most DNA viruses, single stranded in parvovirus, deoxyribose sugar, purine nucleotides are A and G, pyrimidine nucleotides are T and C, function is genetic material of all cells and DNA viruses

RNA:
single stranded in cells and in most RNA viruses, double stranded in reoviruses, ribose sugar, purine nucleotides are A and G, pyrimidine nucleotides are U and C, function is protein synthesis in all cells and genetic material of RNA viruses

40
Q

Structure of ATP

A

nucleotide- adenine, ribose, 3 phosphates

41
Q

Function of ATP

A

transfer and storage of energy

MICRO (15 decks)

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