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MICRO > CHAPTER 14 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What does symbiosis mean?

A

to live together

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2
Q

What are the types of symbiosis?

A

mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, parasitism

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3
Q

What happens in mutualism?

A

both organisms benefit ex. bacteria in human colon

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4
Q

What happens in commensalism?

A

organism 1 benefits, organism 2 neither benefits or harmed; ex, mites in human hair follicles

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5
Q

What happens in amensalism?

A

organism 1 harmed, organism 2 neither benefits or harmed, ex. fungus secreting an antibiotic

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6
Q

What happens in parasitism?

A

organism 1 benefits, organism 2 harmed, ex. TB in human lung

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of microbiota?

A

resident microbiota and transient microbiota

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8
Q

What are resident microbiota?

A

part of normal microbiota, mostly commensal

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9
Q

What are transient microbiota?

A

remain in body for short time, cannot persist in body, same regions as resident microbiota

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10
Q

How does a human acquire normal micorbiota?

A

first acquired during birthing process and then in the first few months of life; microbiome begins to develop during birthing process

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11
Q

How do normal microbiota become opportunistic pathogens?

A

conditions provide opportunities for pathogens-
intro of normal microbiota into unusual site of body;
immune suppression (AIDs);
changes in normal microbiota (C. albicans);
stressful conditions

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12
Q

What are reservoirs of infection?

A

sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of reservoirs?

A

animal reservoirs, human carriers, nonliving reservoirs

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14
Q

What are zoonoses?

A

diseases that naturally spread from animal host to humans; can be direct contact with animal or waste, eating animal, or bloodsucking arthropods

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15
Q

How are human carriers reservoirs?

A

asymptomatic infected people can infect others, healthy carriers may have defensive systems that protect them

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16
Q

Examples of nonliving resevoirs?

A

soil, water, food; contamination often due to feces or urine

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17
Q

What is contamination?

A

the mere presence of microbes in or on the body

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18
Q

What is infection?

A

When organism evades body’s external defenses, multiplies, and becomes established in the body

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19
Q

What are the 3 major pathways for portal of entry?

A

skin, mucous membranes, placenta

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20
Q

How does skin work as barrier/ portal of entry?

A

outer layer of dead skin cells serves as barrier, some pathogens can enter through cuts or burrowing into outer layers of skin and digesting

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21
Q

How do mucous membranes work as portal of entry?

A

provides most, warm environment hospitable to pathogens, respiratory tract most common site of entry

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22
Q

How does placenta work as portal of entry?

A

usually forms effective barrier, but pathogens may cross placenta and infect fetus

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23
Q

What is role of adhesion in infection?

A

process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells, use adhesion factors (specialized structures and attachment molecules)

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24
Q

What is disease result of?

A

invading pathogen altering normal body functions

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25
Q

What are symptoms?

A

subjective characteristics of disease felt only by patient

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26
Q

What are signs?

A

objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by others

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27
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition

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28
Q

What are asymptomatic or subclinical infections?

A

lack symptoms but may still have signs of infection

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29
Q

What is etiology?

A

study of the cause of disease

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30
Q

What is germ theory of disease?

A

infections by pathogenic microorganisms cause disease (Koch)

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31
Q

What did Robert Koch develop?

A

a set of postulates one must satisfy to prove that a particular pathogen causes a particular disease

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32
Q

What are exceptions to Koch’s postulates?

A

some cultures cant be cultured in lab; diseases can be caused by combo of pathogens; ethical considerations that prevent using postulates method on human host

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33
Q

What are the difficulties in satisfying Koch’s postulates?

A

diseases can be caused by more than one pathogen, some pathogens are ignored as cause, epidemiological studies used when postulates can’t be satisfied

34
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

ability of microorganism to cause disease

35
Q

What is virulence?

A

degree of pathogenicity

36
Q

What are the virulence factors?

A

adhesion factors, biofilms, extracellular enzymes, toxins, antiphagocytic factors

37
Q

What are extracellular enzymes?

A

secreted by pathogen, dissolve structural chemicals in the body; help pathogen maintain infection, invade, and avoid body defenses

38
Q

What are the microbial extracellular enzymes that aid in virulence?

A

coagulases, kinases, hyaluronidase, collagenase, IgA proteases, mucinase, keratinase

39
Q

What do coagulases do?

A

coagulate fibrinogen ex. S. aureus

40
Q

What do kinases do?

A

digest fibrin clots ex. streptokinase

41
Q

What does hyaluronidase do?

A

digest hyaluronidase polysaccharides that holds cells together ex. staphylococci

42
Q

What does collagenase do?

A

breaks down collagen ex. clostridium

43
Q

What do IgA proteases do?

A

destory IgA antibodies ex. neisseria

44
Q

What does mucinase do?

A

digests protective coating on mucous membranes ex. amoebic dysentery

45
Q

What does keratinase do?

A

digests keratin in skin and hair ex. fungal infections like ringworm

46
Q

What are toxins?

A

chemicals that harm tissues or trigger host immune responses that cause damage

47
Q

What is toxemia?

A

refers to the presence of toxins in the bloodstream

48
Q

What are the 2 types of toxins?

A

endotoxins and exotoxins

49
Q

Know exotoxins vs endotoxins chart on powerpoint*

A

slides 43 and 44

50
Q

What are antiphagocytic factors?

A

factors that prevent phagocytosis by the host’s phagocytic cells, allows pathogen to remain in host for longer time

51
Q

What is bacterial capsule?

A

composed of chemicals not recognized as foreign, difficult for phagocytes to engulf, ex streptococcus pneumoniae

52
Q

What are antiphagocytic chemicals?

A

prevent fusion of lysosome and phagocytic vesicles

53
Q

What do leukocidins do?

A

directly destroy phagocytic wbc’s

54
Q

What are the 5 stages of infectious disease?

A

incubation period, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

55
Q

What is incubation period?

A

no signs or symptoms, time between infection and occurrence of first symptom

56
Q

What is prodromal period?

A

vague, general symptoms

57
Q

What is illness stage?

A

most severe signs and symptoms

58
Q

What is decline stage?

A

declining signs and symptoms

59
Q

What is convalescence stage?

A

no signs or symptoms

60
Q

What are the portals of exit?

A

many portals of exit are same as portals of entry, often leave host in materials the body secretes or excretes

61
Q

What are the modes of transmission?

A

contact, vehicle, vector

62
Q

What is direct contact transmission?

A

usually involves body contact between hosts

63
Q

What is indirect contact transmission?

A

pathogens spread from host to host by fomites

64
Q

What is droplet transmission?

A

spread of pathogens in droplets of mucus by exhaling, coughing, and sneezing

65
Q

What is airborne transmission?

A

when pathogens travel more than 1 m via an aerosol

66
Q

What is waterborne transmission?

A

important in spread of GI diseases, fecal-oral infection

67
Q

What is foodborne transmission?

A

spread of pathogens in and on food

68
Q

What is bodily fluid transmission?

A

blood, urine, saliva can carry pathogens

69
Q

What are biological vectors?

A

transmit pathogens and serve as host for some stage of pathogen’s life cycle, biting arthropods

70
Q

What are mechanical vectors?

A

passively transmit pathogens present on their body to new hosts

71
Q

How is frequency of disease measured?

A

incidence and prevalence

72
Q

What is descriptive epidemiology?

A

careful tabulation of data concerning a disease, try to identify index (first) case of disease; John snow started earliest descriptive epidemiology

73
Q

What is analytical epidemiology?

A

seeks to determine the probable cause, mode of transmission, and methods of prevention

74
Q

What is experimental epidemiology?

A

tests a hypothesis concerning the cause of disease, application of koch’s postulates

75
Q

What are the types of nosocomial infections?

A

exogenous, iatrogenic, endogenous, superinfections

76
Q

What are exogenous nosocomial infections?

A

pathogen acquired from health care environment

77
Q

What are endogenous nosocomial infections?

A

pathogen arises from normal microbiota within patient

78
Q

What are iatrogenic nosocomial infection?

A

results from modern medicine procedures

79
Q

What are superinfections?

A

use of antimicrobial drugs inhibits some resident microbiota, allowing other microbes to thrive

80
Q

What is most affective way to reduce nosocomial infections?

A

handwashing

MICRO (15 decks)

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