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MICRO > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

what is adaptive immunity

A

the body’s ability to
recognize and defend itself against distinct
invaders and their products

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2
Q

5 attributes of adaptive immunity

A 
Specificity
• Inducibility
• Clonality
• Unresponsiveness to self
• Memory
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3
Q

2 types of adaptive immune responses

A

cell-mediated immune responses and antibody immune responses (humoral immunity)

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4
Q

primary and secondary lymphoid organs

A

primary- red bone marrow and thymus

secondary- lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissure (MALT)

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5
Q

properties of antigens

A

Molecules the body recognizes as foreign and
worthy of attack
• Recognized by three-dimensional regions called
antigenic determinants/epitopes on antigens
• Large foreign macromolecules make the best
antigens
• Include various bacterial components as well as
proteins of viruses, fungi, and protozoa

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6
Q

types of antigens (3)

A

exogenous, endogenous, and autoantigens

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7
Q

define exogenous antigens

A 
Exogenous antigens—
include toxins and other
components of microbial
cell walls, membranes,
flagella, and pili
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8
Q

define endogenous antigens

A

—produced by
microbes that reproduce
inside a body’s cells

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9
Q

define autoantigens

A

derived
from normal cellular
processes

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10
Q

Roles of the Major Histocompatibility Complex

(MHC) and Antigen-Presenting Cells

A

• Group of antigens first identified in graft patients
• Important in determining compatibility of tissues for tissue
grafting
• Major histocompatibility antigens are glycoproteins found
in the membranes of most cells of vertebrate animals
• Also know as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system
• Hold and position antigenic epitopes for presentation
to immune cells

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11
Q

2 classes of MHC proteins

A 
MHC class I- present on all cells except RBCs
MHC class II- Present on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
• APCs include-macrophages and dendritic cells
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12
Q

describe T lymphocytes

A 
Produced in the red
bone marrow and
mature in the thymus
• Circulate in the
lymph and blood
• Migrate to the lymph
nodes, spleen, and
Peyer’s patches
• Have T cell receptors
(TCRs) on their
cytoplasmic
membrane
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13
Q

3 types of T lymphocytes

A

cytotoxic t cells, helper t cells, and regulatory t cells

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14
Q

cytotoxic cells ____

A

directly kill other cells

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15
Q

helper T cells regulate ______

A

B cells and cytotoxic t cells

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16
Q

what do regulatory t cells do

A

represses adaptive immune responses

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17
Q

four fates that immature t cells undergo

A

T cells that do not recognize body’s MHC protein undergo
apoptosis
• T cells that recognize autoantigen die by apoptosis
• Some “self-recognizing” T cells become regulatory
T cells
• T cells that recognize MHC protein and foreign epitopes
become repertoire of protective T cells

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18
Q

b cells are found primarily in the ______

A

spleen, lymph nodes and MALT

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19
Q

major function of B cells

A

secretion of antibodies

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20
Q

each b lymphocyte has multiple copies of the ____

A

B cell receptor (BCR)

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21
Q

antibodies are ______similar to BCRs

A

immunoglobulins

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22
Q

what region of the antibody contains the antigen-binding sites

A

the arms or the Fab region( fragment antigen binding)

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23
Q

the antibody stem is called

A

Fc region (fragment, crystallizable)

24
Q

5 basic types of stems and these form the 5 classes of antibodies which are

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD

25
Q

antibody class involved in the immune response varies by

A

type of antigen, portal of entry, and antibody function needed

26
Q

describe IgG

A

—most common and longest-lasting antibody

27
Q

describe IgA

A

associated with body secretions

28
Q

describe IgM

A

first antibody produced

29
Q

describe IgD

A

exact function is not known

30
Q

Describe IgE

A

involved in response to parasitic infections and allergies

31
Q

list the several ways antibodies function

A

-Activation of complement and inflammation
• Neutralization
• Opsonization
• Agglutination
• Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
(ADCC)

32
Q

where does clonal deletion of b cells occur

A

in bone marrow

33
Q

cytokines secreted by various _____

A

leukocytes

34
Q

what is the cytokine network

A

complex web of signals among cells of the immune system

35
Q

interferons are _________ ______ that may act as cytokines

A

antiviral proteins

36
Q

growth factors are

A

proteins that stimulate stem cells to divide

37
Q

what is the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

A

• Secreted by macrophages and T cells to kill tumor
cells and regulate immune responses and
inflammation

38
Q

what are chemokines

A

chemotactic cytokines that signal leukocytes to move

39
Q

steps involved in activation of cytotoxic t cells

A
  1. Antigen presentation
  2. Helper T cell differentiation
  3. Clonal expansion
  4. Self-stimulation
40
Q

two pathways cytotoxic t cells kill targets

A

perforin-granzyme pathway and CD95 Cytotoxic pathway

41
Q

cytotoxic t cells destroy their targeted cells by secreting what toxic protein molecules

A

perforins and granzymes

42
Q

CD95 cytotoxic pathway is mediated through______

A

glycoprotein on bodys cells

43
Q

memory response is _____ effective than the primary response

A

more

44
Q

T-dependent antibody immunity depends on the function of _______

A

helper t cells

45
Q

four steps of this immune response

A
  1. Antigen presentation for Th activation and
    proliferation
  2. Differentiation of helper T cells into Th2 cells
  3. Activation of B cells
  4. Proliferation and differentiation of B cells
46
Q

what are the majority of cells produced during b cell proliferation

A

plasma cells

47
Q

plasma cells are

A

short lived cells that can die within a few days

48
Q

2 types of acquired immunity

A

naturally acquired and artificially acquired

49
Q

describe naturally acquired immunity

A

response against antigens encountered in daily life

50
Q

describe artificially acquired immunity

A

Response to antigens introduced via a vaccine

51
Q

define active immunity

A

results when a person is
challenged with antigen that stimulates production
of antibodies; creates memory, takes time, and is
lasting

52
Q

describe passive immunity

A

preformed antibodies are
donated to an individual; does not create
memory, acts immediately, and is short term

53
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

resulting from infection

54
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

Mother to child: Transplacental or via colostrum

55
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

vaccination

56
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

Injection of antibodies (immune serum Gamma
() globulin) to protect against helaptitis A,(copied this from her slide idk if she meant hepatitis lmfao)
rabies, tetanus etc

MICRO (15 decks)

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