CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
What is microbiology?
the study of organisms that are too small to be seen with an unaided eye
Origin of microbes?
Leeuwenhoek looked at pond water under microscopes and visualized tiny fungi/algae etc. the term microbe came by the end of the 19th century
define prokaryotes
simple cells, microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane bound organelles
define eukaryotes
complex cells, microscopic, unicellular & multicellular, contains nucleus, and membrane-bound organelles
what did Carlous Linnaeus develop?
a taxonomic system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together
What are the two main classifications of microbes?
Cellular/living and non-cellular/non-living
what are the 6 categories microorganisms can be grouped into?
bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, small multicellular animals (helminths/parasitic worms)
what is an example of a non-cellular/non-living microorganism?
virus and prions
bacteria and archaea are ________
prokaryotes
where are bacteria and archaea found?
everywhere there is sufficient moisture; some are isolated in extreme environments
fungi and protozoa are ______
eukaryotic
2 examples of fungi are
molds and yeasts
where do protozoa live?
freely in water; some live in animal hosts
algae contains _______ pigments
chlorophil
algae can carry out_____
photosynthesis
who are significant contributors of the Golden age of microbiology
Aristotle; proposed spontaneous generation
Francesco Redi; challenged aristotles theory
John T. Needham; conducted experiments that supported aristotle
Lazzaro Spallanzani; contradicted needhams findings
Louis Pasteur; final disapproval of the theory
what is spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)
a theory that proposed that living organisms can arise from non-living matter
what is biogenesis
the hypothesis that living cells arise from only preexisting living cells
what was Francesco Redi’s experiment and what was the outcome?
when decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never developed
the outcome was people began to doubt aristotle
what was John Needhams experiment
experimented with beef gravy and infusions of plant material reinforced the idea that large animals could not arise spontaneously but microbes could
what was Spallanzani’s experiment
suggested needham failed to heat vitals sufficiently to kill all microbes or had not sealed them tight enough. this proved microorganisms came from air not non-living matter
what did Louis Pasteur demonstrate
microorganisms are present in air; using the “swan-necked” flasks
what did Leeuwenhoek contribute to microbiology
examined what was later known as microbes
what did Pasteur contribute to microbiology
he disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms, showed microbes cause fermentation, demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease
What did Koch contribute to microbiology
studied causative agents of disease (etiology), identified anthrax, tb, and cholera, and established Koch’s postulates
what is Koch’s postulates
a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory of disease
what is pasteurization
process of heating liquids just enough to kill most bacteria
what are the 4 steps of the scientific method
- group of observations leads to a scientist to ask a question about some phenomenon
- scientist generates hypothesis
- scientist designs and conducts an experiment
- based on results, scientist accepts, rejects or modifies the hypothesis
what is the germ theory of disease
the idea that microorganisms are also responsible for disease
why are microbes important
THIS SEEMS EASY BUT I CANNOT FIND A SPECIFIC ANSWER
what processes are microbes involved with
bioremediation, recycling of chemicals, and causation of disease. gene therapy, recombinant DNA technology(NOT 100% SURE ON THIS ANSWER)
harmful uses of microbes
can be disease causing, can produce toxins that cause bad odors and decay of food and organic material, can cause food poisoning and affect nervous system, contribute to decomposition and spoiling of food
beneficial uses of microbe
manage& treat domestic and industrial waste, manufacture vaccines& antibiotics, hygiene in health care settings, remove pollutants, development of drugs
fields of microbiology
NEED TO LOOK THIS ONE UP
branches of microbiology
biotechnology, biochemistry, molecular biology, ????????
