chapter 59

Question 1

practice fetal breathing at

Answer 1

25 weeks

Question 2

Result is absence of cranial vault, complete or partial absence of forebrain, presence of brain stem, midbrain, skull base, facial structures

Answer 2

anencephaly

Question 3

Meckel-Gruber
Chromosomal (T-13, T-18)
Diabetes
Environmental and dietary factors
Amniotic band syndrome

Answer 3

causes of anencephaly

Question 4

also known as excencephaly. Manifests as absence of cranial bones with presence of complete, although abnormal, development of cerebral hemispheres

Answer 4

acrania

Question 5

Hypophosphatasia

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 5

Disorders that may mimic acrania

Question 6

Polyhydramnios
Coexisting spina bifida and/or craniorachischisis 
Cleft lip and palate 
Hydronephrosis 
Diaphragmatic hernia 
Cardiac defects 
Omphalocele 
Gastrointestinal defects 
Talipes

Answer 6

maybe associated with anencephaly

Question 7

Spinal defects
Cleft lip and palate
Talipes 
Cardiac defects
Omphalocele 
Amniotic band syndrome

Answer 7

maybe associated with acrania

Question 8

describe herniation of meninges and brain through defect

Answer 8

Encephalocele

Question 9

describes herniation of only meninges

Answer 9

Cranial meningocele

Question 10

meninges only

Answer 10

meningocele

Question 11

brain tissue only

Answer 11

encephalocele

Question 12

menings and brain tissue

Answer 12

encephalomeningocele

Question 13

Meninges, brain tissue, lateral ventricles

Answer 13

encephalomeningocystocele

Question 14

There is a cleft or opening in the spine

Answer 14

spina bifida

Question 15

When covered with hair or extra skin. Normal spinal cord and nerves ans normal neurological damage

Answer 15

spina bifida occulta

Question 16

When defect involves only protrusion of meninges, termed

Answer 16

meningocele

Question 17

more common; both meninges and neural elements protrude through defect

Answer 17

Meningomyelocele

Question 18

If defect very large and severe, termed

Answer 18

rachischisis

Question 19

Cardiac anomalies
Polydactyly
Facial clefts
Urinary tract anomalies

Answer 19

Other anomalies to look for with dandy walker malformation

Question 20

usually ventriculomegaly is associated with this

Answer 20

Dandy walker malformation