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Biology 110 > Chapter 51 - The Immune System > Flashcards

Chapter 51 - The Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Two level of defense in vertebrates

A
  1. Innate Immunity

2. Adaptive Immunity

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2
Q
  • Recognition of invading pathogens
  • Rapid response
  • Uses soluble antimicrobial proteins
A

Innate Immunity

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3
Q
  • Characterized by genetic rearrangements that generate a diverse set of molecules to recognize any invader
  • Slower response buy highly specific
A

Adaptive Immunity

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4
Q

Four potential routes of infection

A
  1. Skin
  2. Digestive
  3. Respiratory
  4. Urogenital
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5
Q

All routes of infection are lined with what?

A

Epithelial Cells

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6
Q

Largest organ in the body

A

Skin

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7
Q

Two layers of the skin

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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8
Q
  • Five Layers (10-30 cells thick)
  • Contains Keratin
  • Oil and Sweat glads give a pH of 3-5
  • Lysozymes
A

Epidermis

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9
Q

Makes skin tough and water resistant

A

Keratin

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10
Q

Break bacterial cell walls

A

Lysozymes

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11
Q
  • Contains two layers of connective tissue and is 15-40 times thicker than epidermis
  • Provides structural support for epidermis, and matrix for blood vessels, muscles and nerve endings
A

Dermis

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12
Q

What is the job of the dermis?

A

Provides structural support for epidermis, and matrix for blood vessels, muscles and nerve endings

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13
Q

Layer beneath the skin

A

Subcutaneous Layer

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14
Q

Subcutaneous layer’s contain mainly __________ cells

A

Adipose (fat)

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15
Q

The job of the subcutaneous layer

A

Acts as shock absorber and insulators

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16
Q

The digestive, respiratory and urogenital tracts are lined by _______________

A

Mucous Membranes

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17
Q
  • Epithelial tissue

- Secrete mucus which traps microbes

A

Mucous Membranes

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18
Q

Three defenses in mucosal surfaces

A
  1. Salivary lysozyme; acidic stomach
  2. Cilliary action to move mucus
  3. Acidic urine
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19
Q

Recognizes chemical patterns characteristic of invaders

A

Innate Immunity

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20
Q

Two different kinds of innate immunity

A
  1. TRL

2. MBL

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21
Q

Are found within or on the cell surface of pathogens

A

TRL (Toll Like Receptors)

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22
Q

Are given off by pathogens and are found in the fluids they are in

A

MBL (Mannose Binding Lectins)

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23
Q

Another name for white blood cells

A

Leukocytes

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24
Q

Three types of white blood cells that are directly involved in innate immunity

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Neutrophils
  3. NK lymphocytes
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25
Q

Three characteristics of neutrophils

A
  1. The most abundant circulating leukocytes
  2. First to appear at site of damage/infection
  3. Kill microbes by phagocytosis
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26
Q

Three characteristics of macrophages

A
  1. Large, irregularly shaped cells
  2. Enter tissues from the blood, and can remain in connective tissue indefinitely
  3. Kill microbes by phagocytosis
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27
Q

Three characteristics of NK Lymphocytes

A
  1. Destroy virus-infected cells and cancer cells
  2. Inject chemicals that result in apoptosis
  3. Marcophages then eat the remains
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28
Q

Cell performing programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

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29
Q

Can induce or increase an innate response

A

Inflammatory Response

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30
Q

The two steps in inflammatory response

A
  1. Injured cells release chemical alarms (histamine, prostaglandins)
  2. Cause nearby blood vessels to dilate and increase in permeability
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31
Q

Signs of inflammatory response

A
  • Redness
  • Warmth
  • Swelling
  • Pain
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32
Q

Inflammatory response promote ________ and ______ accumulation

A
  • Leukocyte

- Fibroblast

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33
Q

Inflammation is reduced when what happens?

A

Tissues begin to heal

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34
Q

Is the primary chemical to induce a widespread immune response

A

Histamine

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35
Q

The cell primarily responsible for the production of histamine is a leukocyte called a ____________

A

Mast Cell

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36
Q

Histamines and Mast Cells are apart of what kind of response?

A

Inflammatory Response

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37
Q

The process of the compliment system

A
  1. 30 different proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive form
  2. Becomes activated when TRLs or MBLs are detected
  3. Proteins aggregate to form a Membrane Attack Complex on surface of pathogens…or make a pore
  4. Pathogens swells and burts
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38
Q

Proteins aggregate to form a _______________ on surface of pathogens…or make a pore

A

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

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39
Q

The scientific study of immunity began with who and when?

A

Edward Jenner in 1796

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40
Q

How did Edward Jenner invent the vaccine?

A
  1. Observed that milkmaids who had cowpox (mild) rarely experienced smallpox (severe)
  2. Jenner inoculated individuals with fluid from cowpox vesicles to protect them from smallpox
  3. First vaccination
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41
Q

The four characteristics of the specific, or adaptive, immune response are

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Diversity
  3. Memory
  4. Ability to distinguish self from non-self
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42
Q

A molecule that provokes a specific immune response

A

Antigens

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43
Q

What is found on the surface of antigen cells?

A

Proteins and Glycoproteins

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44
Q

Leukocytes with surface receptors for antigens

A

B and T Lymphocytes

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45
Q

Generally, what do B and T Lymphocytes do?

A

Direct an immune response against either the antigen or the cells that carries it

46
Q

When a B or T lymphocyte binds to a specific antigen for the first time, it activates ___________

A

Clonal Selection

47
Q

What process produces clones?

A

Clonal Selection

48
Q

Two things can happen when clones are produced?

A
  1. Respond immediately

2. Memory cells

49
Q

Where do the B Lymphocytes mature?

A

In the bone marrow

50
Q

B Lymphocytes respond to antigens by secreting _________ or____________

A
  1. Immunoglobulins (Ig)
    or
  2. Antibodies
51
Q

The process of producing immunoglobins

A

Humoral Immunity

52
Q

What are the four steps in humoral immunity?

A
  1. Naive B cells in secondary lymph organs
  2. Activation results in clonal expansion
  3. B cells produce soluble Igs to be circulated
  4. Once they do this they are known as plasma cells
53
Q

One B cells produce soluble Igs to be circulated, they are called _________

A

Plasma Cells

54
Q

Another name for Immunoglobulins

A

Antibodies

55
Q

What to Immunoglobulins consist of?

A

Y-shaped molecules

56
Q

Each chain of immunoglobulins has what special part?

A

Antigen-binding site

57
Q

Each Ig can bind two identical antigents. This causes the following process.

A
  1. Allows formation of antigen-antibody complexes
  2. These can allow macrophages to better identify invaders
  3. Igs will also bond to mast cells to produce histamine
58
Q

How man classes of immunoglobulins are there?

A

Five

59
Q

When are immunoglobulins released and how are they composed?

A
  • Released at different times

- All have different compositions

60
Q

Where do T Lymphocytes mature?

A

In the thymus

61
Q

What is the job of T Lymphocytes?

A

Directly attack cells that carry specific antigens

62
Q

What kind of cells do T Lymphocytes attack?

A

Usually virally infected or cancerous cells

63
Q

The name of the process of T Lymphocytes attacking antigens?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

64
Q

The three steps in Cell Mediated Immunity?

A
  1. A marcrophage ingests virus or cancer cell and presents the antigen
  2. T cells are activated upon through antigen recognition
  3. Clonal expansion occurs
65
Q

Cell mediated immunity produces what two types of activated cells?

A
  1. Cytotoxic T

2. Helper T

66
Q

Cells that actually attack the cells with foreign antigens right away

A

Cytotoxic T Cells

67
Q

Cells that detect antigens, and release cytokines.

A

Helper T Cells

68
Q

What do cytokines do in helping Helper T Cells?

A

They cause the growth of more T cells

69
Q

Two different kinds of organs in the immune system

A
  1. Primary lymphoid organs

2. Secondary lymphoid organs

70
Q
  • Where cells grow and mature

- Bone marrow and thymus

A

Primary lymphoid organs

71
Q
  • Cells move here to expose themselves to antigens

- Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

72
Q

What organs are apart of the secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • MALT
73
Q

What is the site of B cell maturation?

A

Bone marrow

74
Q

What is the site of T cell maturation?

A

Thymus

75
Q

Any lymphocytes that bind to ________ undergo ________

A
  • Self-anitgens

- Apoptosis

76
Q

If the cell is prone to attack your own antigens what will happen?

A

Apoptosis

77
Q

What does apoptosis eliminate?

A

Autoimmunity

78
Q

The locations of these organs promote the filtering of antigens that enter any part of an individual’s body

A

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

79
Q

Where do B and T cells become activated?

A

Lymph Nodes

80
Q

What is the site of immune responses to antigens found mainly in the blood?

A

Spleen

81
Q

What includes the tonsils and appendix?

A

MALT (Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues)

82
Q

What is a primary immune response?

A

When a person is first exposed to an antigen, it takes time for the B and T lymphocytes to differentiate and for clonal expansion to occur.

83
Q

What does the primary immune response cause?

A

Gives the pathogen time to cause illness

84
Q

During clonal expansion, certain cells do not fight the infection, but instead just go into the lymphoid system.

A

Memory Cells

85
Q

Where do memory cells go?

A

Lymphoid system

86
Q
  • There is a large collection of memory cells that can recognize the antigen
  • Immune response is more effective
  • Illness rarely occurs
A

Secondary immune response

87
Q

The acceptance of self cells is known as _______

A

Immune tolerance

88
Q

These are caused by the failure of immune tolerance

A

Autoimmune Deseases

89
Q

What do autoimmune diseases result in?

A

The activation of autoreactive T-cells, and the production of autoantibodies by B cells

90
Q

What harms do autoimmune diseases cause?

A
  • Inflammation

- Organ dammage

91
Q

________ refer to a greatly heightened response to a foreign antigen, or allergen

A

Allergy

92
Q

The most common type of allergies in known as _____

A

Immediate Hypersensitivity

93
Q

What does Immediate Hypersensitivity result in?

A
  • Hives

- Local responses

94
Q

For allergies, this is dramatic, systemic response.

A

Anaphylaxis

95
Q

What can happen in Anaphylaxis is not treated?

A

Death….duh duh duhhhh

96
Q

Antigen types are actually ______

A

Blood types

97
Q

_______ cell membranes have surface antigens

A

Red blood cells

98
Q

RBC cells membranes have surface antigens that are usually ______ or _________

A
  • Glycoproteins

- Glycolipids

99
Q

What are used to determine blood type?

A

A, B, and Rh

100
Q

What are genetically determined?

A

Blood types

101
Q

People may have what kind of blood types?

A

A, B, AB, or nothing (O)

102
Q

You automatically produce antibodies if what happens?

A

If foreign antigens are introduced into your blood stream, you will produce antibodies to destroy them.

103
Q

What can pathogens do to avoid immune system detection?

A

Alter their surface antigens

104
Q

Influenza virus expresses two surface proteins ________ and _________

A
  1. Antigenic drift

2. Antigenic shift

105
Q

The accumulation of point mutations to the viral genome that express antigen

A

Antigenic drift

106
Q

Sudden appearance of new viral sub type where proteins are completely different due to antigenic drift

A

Antigenic shift

107
Q

Mounts a direct attack on Helper T cells

A

HIV (Human immunodeficiency Virus)

108
Q

What does HIV do?

A

Binds to CD4 proteins on T cells, and is endocyosed

109
Q

An individual is considered to have AIDS when

A

their T cells level has dropped significantly

110
Q

What does immunosuppresion results in (from AIDS)

A

An increase in opportunistic infections and cancers

Biology 110 (7 decks)

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