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Biology 110 > Chapter 46 - Muskoskeletal > Flashcards

Chapter 46 - Muskoskeletal Flashcards

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1
Q

Changes in movement occur because muscles pull against a support structure, called the

A

Skeletal System

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2
Q

Three types of skeletal systems

A
  1. Hydrostatic skeletons
  2. Exoskeletons
  3. Endoskeletons
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3
Q

These skeletons are found primarily in soft-bodied invertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic

A

Hydrostatic Skeletons

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4
Q

Locomotion in earthworms

A

Hydrostatic Skeletons

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5
Q

Description of how earthworms move using their hydrostatic skeletons

A
  1. Fluid-filled central cavity and surrounding circular & longitudinal muscles
  2. A wave of circular followed by longitudinal muscle contractions move fluid down body
  3. Produces forward movement
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6
Q

Locomotion in aquatic invertebrates

A

Hydroskeletons

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7
Q

Hydroskeletons occur in which two animal species?

A
  1. Aquatic invertebrates

2. Earthworms

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8
Q

Jellyfish produces regular _________ in bell

A

Pulsations

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9
Q

Description of movement in the hydrostatic skeletons in aquatic invertebrates

A
  1. Produce pulsations in bell
  2. Water moves under bell
  3. Squeezes some of water thrusts it forward
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10
Q

Description of movement of squids

A
  1. Hydrostatic Skeleton
  2. Fills mantle cavity with sea water
  3. Muscular contractions expel water forcefully through the siphon, and the animal shoots backward
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11
Q

Name of a squids locomotion

A

Jetting through their hydrostatic skeletons

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12
Q

Surrounds the body as a rigid hard case

A

Exoskeleton

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13
Q

What are exoskeletons made out of?

A

Carbohydrate Chitin

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14
Q

Two jobs of exoskeleton

A
  1. Protection for internal organs

2. Site for muscle attachment

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15
Q

Two limiting conditions of exoskeletons

A
  1. Must be periodically shed for body growth

2. Limits body size

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16
Q

Rigid internal skeletons that form the body’s framework and offer surfaces for muscle attachment

A

Endoskeleton

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17
Q

Echinoderms endoskeletons are made of _____

A

Calcite

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18
Q

Calcite is made out of

A

Calcium Carbonate

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19
Q

Echinoderms endoskeletons form ______ or ________

A
  1. Solid test
    or
  2. A network of spicules
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20
Q

The vertebrate endoskeleton is divided into _____

A
  1. Axial skeleton

2. Appendicular Skeleton

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21
Q
  • Supports the body and protects internal organs

- Axis of the body

A

Axial Skeleton

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22
Q
  • Limb bones and girdles
  • Pectoral girdle and forelimbs
  • Pelvic girdle and hindlimbs
A

Appendicular skeleton

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23
Q

Two components of the appendicular skeleton

A
  1. Pectoral girdle and forlimbs

2. Pelvic girdle and hindlimbs

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24
Q

Vertebrate endoskeletons have _________

A
  1. Cartilage

2. Bone

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25
Q

Bone and cartilage are living tissues which means ______

A

They can change and remodel in response to injury or physical stress

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26
Q

Bone and cartilage are _____

A

Connective Tissue

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27
Q

Connective Tissue is made up of ________

A

Fibroblasts

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28
Q

Make protein fibers within bone/cartilage matrix

A

Fibroblasts

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29
Q

Flexible, but resilient connective tissue

A

Cartilage

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30
Q

Cartilage is made up of ____ and ___

A
  1. Matrix of fibers

2. Chondroitin

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31
Q

Two types of cells that contribute to the production of cartilage

A
  1. Chondroblasts

2. Chondrocytes

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32
Q

Make new cartilage

A

Chondroblasts

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33
Q

Maintain existing cartilage

A

Chondrocytes

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34
Q

Hard but resilient connective tissue that is unique to vertebrates

A

Bone

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35
Q

Cell types that contribute to bone production

A
  1. Osteoblasts
  2. Osteocytes
  3. Osteoclasts
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36
Q

Make new bone

A

Osteoblasts

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37
Q

Maintains existing bone

A

Osteocytes

38
Q

Breaks down existing bone

A

Osteoclasts

39
Q

Bone develops in two ways:

A
  1. straight from mesenchyme

2. from a previously established cartilage model.

40
Q

___________ initiate bone development

A

Osteoblasts

41
Q

Osteoblasts change into ______ which resides in within the __________

A
  1. Osteocytes

2. Bone matrix

42
Q

_______ break down the bone matrix

A

Osteoclasts

43
Q

A protective layer, the _________ lines the outside of a bone.

A

Periosteum

44
Q

Based on density, bone falls into these three categories

A
  1. Compact Bone
  2. SPongy Bone
  3. Vascular Bone
45
Q
  • Bone layer
  • Outer dense layer
  • Internal organization termed the Haversian system
A

Compact Bone

46
Q

Another name for the compact bone

A

Haversian System

47
Q
  • Bone layer
  • Honeycomb structure
  • Forms the epiphyses inside a thick shell of compact bone
A

Spongy Bone

48
Q

Mammals Bones

A

Vascular Bone

49
Q
  • Bone layer

- retain internal blood vessels

A

Vascular Bone

50
Q

Bone structure in birds and fishes

A
  1. Avascular

2. Acellular

51
Q

Mechanical stress in bones deforms bone crystals

A

Bone Remodeling

52
Q

The phenomenon of remodeling

consists of two processes

A
  1. Small forces may not have a great effect

2. But larger forces can initiate remodeling by osteoblasts

53
Q

Are the locations where one bone meets another

A

Joints

54
Q

Three different kinds of joints

A
  1. Synarthritic
  2. Amphiarthritic
  3. Diarthritic:
55
Q

immovable joints

A

Synarthritic

56
Q

sightly movable joints

A

Amphiarthritic

57
Q

freely movable joints

A

Diarthritic

58
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers are attached to the periosteum of bones in one of two ways

A
  1. Directly

2. Through a strong, fibrous cord called the tendon

59
Q
  • In skeletal muscle movement

- Remains stationary during contraction

A

Origin

60
Q
  • In skeletal muscle movement

- is attached to a bone that moves when muscle contracts

A

Insertion

61
Q

Muscle group causing an action

A

Agonist

62
Q

Muscle group that counters movement

A

Antagonist

63
Q

The force of contraction remains relatively constant as the muscle shorten in length

A

Isotonic contraction

64
Q

The length of the muscle does not change as force is exerted

A

Isometric contraction

65
Q

Each skeletal muscle contains numerous cells called ______

A

Fibers

66
Q

Fibers are organized into bundles called ___________-

A

Fascicles

67
Q

Each fiber encloses a bundle of organelles called ________

A

Myofibrils

68
Q

Each myofibril in turn is composed of thick and thin _______

A

Myofilaments

69
Q

Set of myofibrils are arranged in parallel known as _______

A

Sarcomeres

70
Q

Stacked thick & thin myofilaments

A

Sarcomeres

71
Q

Each sarcomere

A
  1. Consists of thin and thick myofilaments

2. The boundary consists of two Z lines

72
Q

A muscle contracts and shortens because ________

A

The myofibrils contract and shorten

73
Q

consists of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

A

Motor Unit

74
Q

In a motor unit

A

All fibers contract together when the motor neuron produces impulses

75
Q

The cumulative increase in the number of motor units stimulated, leading to a stronger contraction

A

Recruitment

76
Q

Types of muscle fibers

A
  1. Twitch
  2. Summation
  3. Tetanus
77
Q

A muscle stimulated with a single impulse quickly contracts and relaxes

A

Twitch

78
Q

is a cumulative response when a second twitch “piggy-backs” on the first

A

Summation

79
Q

no relaxation between twitches; sustained contraction is produced

A

Tetanus

80
Q

Locomotion in large animals involves:

A
  1. Appendicular locomotion

2. Axial locomotion

81
Q

Produced by appendages that oscillate

A

Appendicular locomotion

82
Q

Produced by bodies that undulate, pulse or undergo peristaltic waves

A

Axial Locomotion

83
Q

Locomotion must deal with physical constraints to movement

A
  1. gravity

2. frictional drag

84
Q

All aquatic vertebrates swim

that involves

A

Swimming involves using the body or its appendages to push against the water

85
Q

Water buoyancy _______

A

reduces effect of gravity

86
Q

Terrestrial locomotion deals mainly with

A

Gravity

87
Q

Examples of locomotion on land

A
  1. Mollusks glide along a path of mucus
  2. Vertebrates and arthropods have a raised body, and move forward by pushing against the ground with jointed appendages
88
Q

Flight has evolved among animals four times

A
  1. Insects
  2. Pterosaurs
  3. Birds
  4. Bats
89
Q

Is achieved by pushing down against the air with wings

A

Propulsion

90
Q

Insects, Pterosaurs, Birds, and Bats all have ___________

A

Lightened bones and forelimbs transformed into wings

Biology 110 (7 decks)

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