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Biology 110 > Chapter 48 - The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 48 - The Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Gas exchange is dependent on _______.

A

Surface Area

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2
Q

The more surface area the _____ the rate of gas exchange

A

the greater

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3
Q

Surface area to volume ratio _________ and volume _______

A

decreases, increases

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4
Q

Respiration in single celled organisms

A
  1. Gases diffuse directly through the membrane (s)

2. High surface area to volume ration

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5
Q

In smaller invertebrates, gases diffuse through both _____ and ______

A
  1. Integument

2. Gut

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6
Q

When gases diffuse through the gut its called

A

Gastrovascular Cavity

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7
Q

Three classes that have a gastrovascular cavity

A
  1. Cnidarians
  2. Platyhelminthes
  3. Nematoda
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8
Q

What increases surface area?

A

Flattening

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9
Q

Can circulate gases

A

Pseudocoel

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10
Q

Aquatic groups have _________ that are specialized tissues with high surface areas

A

Internal Gills

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11
Q

Two things that internal gills do

A
  1. Water is taken in and circulated over them

2. Gas is exchanged

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12
Q

Two groups of invertebrates that have internal gills

A
  1. Mollusks

2. Crustaceans

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13
Q

Protrude into water column, increasing surface area exposure to water for gas exchange

A

Papulae

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14
Q

Oxygen is circulated through Echinoderms through the ______

A

Water Vascular System

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15
Q

Have papulae

A

Echinoderms

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16
Q

Openings in the exoskeleton; leads to trachea

A

Spiracles

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17
Q

Spiracles leads to ducts called ______

A

Trachea

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18
Q

The trachea subdivide into ______

A

Tracheoles

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19
Q

What is the significance of tracheoles?

A

They increase surface area and delivers air directly to tissues

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20
Q

Group that have spiracles, trachea, and tracheoles

A

Hexapoda

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21
Q

Thin, moist skin with lots of _______ allows for gas exchange

A

Capillaries

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22
Q

Amphibians have what kind of respiration?

A

Cutaneous Respiration

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23
Q

Only small amphibians don’t need what?

A

They don’t need gills and lungs to increase their surface area

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24
Q

In aquatic vertebrates (Fish), where are their breathing structures derived from?

A

Pharyngeal Slits

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25
Q

In aquatic vertebrates there are several ________ on each side of an animal’s head

A

Gill Arches

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26
Q

Each gill arch is composed of ______ which consist of ________

A
  1. Two Rows of Gill filaments

2. Lamellae

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27
Q

What makes up gill filaments?

A

Lamellae

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28
Q
  • Found outside the body

- Found in immature fish and amphibians

A

External Gills

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29
Q

Two advantages to external gills

A
  1. Must constantly move to ensure contact with Oxygen rich fresh water
  2. Are easily damaged
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30
Q

The gills of bony fishes are located between the ______ and _________

A
  1. The mouth

2. The operculum

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31
Q

Cavities in aquatic function how?

A

As pumps that alternately expand

32
Q

Aquatic vertebrates move water into the mouth, through the gills, and out of the fish through the open _________ or gill cover

A

Operculum

33
Q

Blood flows in opposite direction of water movement. Maximizes oxygenation of blood

A

Countercurrent Flow

34
Q

What allows for fish to get the most oxygen from the water?

A

Countercurrent Flow

35
Q

Why were gills replaced in terrestrial animals?

A
  1. Air is less supportive than water

2. Water evaporates

36
Q

Minimizes evaporation by moving air through a branched tubular passage

A

Lungs

37
Q

Usually has extensive internal surface area for gas exchange

A

Lungs

38
Q

Lungs of amphibians are formed as ________ of the gut

A

Saclike outpouchings

39
Q

Frogs have what kind of breathing?

A

Positive pressure breathing

40
Q

“Push” or “squeeze” air into their lungs by creating a positive pressure in the buccal cavity

A

Positive pressure breathing

41
Q

Reptiles and mammals have what kind of breathing?

A

Negative Pressure Breathing

42
Q

Process of negative pressure breathing

A
  1. Expand thoracic cage by muscular contractions
  2. Creates an empty air space that lowers pressure
  3. Air rushes inside the lungs to fill empty air space
  4. Two direction flow
43
Q

In and out the same direction

A

Two Directional Flow

44
Q

Lungs of mammals are packed with millions of _____

A

Alveoli

45
Q

What is the anatomy of a terrestrial vertebrate lung?

A
  1. Alveoli
  2. Trachea
  3. Right and Left Bronchi
  4. Bronchioles
46
Q

Inhaled air passes through the _________ in terrestrial vertebrates

A

Trachea

47
Q

Air bifurcates into _________ from the trachea

A

Right and Left Bronchi

48
Q

Air enters each lung and subdivides into __________

A

Bronchioles

49
Q

An extensive capillary network

A

Bronchioles

50
Q

Thoracic volume increases through contraction of muscles

A

Inhalation

51
Q

The process of inhalation

A
  1. Rib cage expands
  2. Diaphragm contracts
  3. Produces negative pressure which draws air into the lungs
52
Q

Thoracic volume decreases due to elasticity

A

Exhalation

53
Q

The process of exhalation

A
  1. Elastic fibers collapse ribcage
  2. Diaphragm relaxes
  3. Creates positive pressure
  4. Contract abdominal muscles if you want to force out more air
54
Q

Archosaurs were able to achieve ________ airflow

A

Unidirectional

55
Q

Instead of air going in and out the exact same way, air circulates. This results in complete elimination of “used” air.

A

Unidirectional Breathing

56
Q

Type of breathing in birds?

A

Unidirectional Breathing

57
Q

In bird, oxygen is absorbed through oneway tubes called

A

Parabronchi

58
Q

Unidirectional breathing is achieved through the action of

A

Anterior and posteior sacs

59
Q

Two Cycles in unidirectional breathing

A

Cycle 1 - Inhaled air is drawn from the trachea into posterior air sacs. Then exhaled into the lungs.

Cycle 2 - Air is drawn from the lungs into the anterior air sacs. Exhaled through the trachea.

60
Q

___________ air does not need to be exhaled before ____________ air can be inhaled

A
  1. Deoxygenated

2. Oxygenated

61
Q

Gas exchange is driven by __________

A

Partial Pressures

62
Q

_______________ carry oxygenated blood with relatively low carbon dioxide concentration

A

Systemic Arteries

63
Q

_______________ carry deoxygenated blood with a high carbon dioxide concentration

A

Systemic Veins

64
Q

______ are sensitive to blood carbon dioxide changes

A

Neurons

65
Q

Steps of breath regulation

A
  1. A rise in percentage of carbon dioxide causes increased production of carbonic acid
  2. Lowers pH
  3. Stimulates chemosensitive neurons
  4. Send impulses to control center
66
Q

Hemoglobin consists of _____________

A

Four polypeptide chains

67
Q

Each polypeptide chain in hemoglobin is associated with a _______________

A

Heme Group

68
Q

Each heme group has an __________

A

Iron atom

69
Q

Each iron atom can bind ___________

A

A molecule of oxygen

70
Q

Hemoglobin __________ in the lungs

A

Collects oxygen

71
Q

Hemoglobin lose oxygen by

A

Capillaries

72
Q

Order of hemoblobin anatomy

A
  1. Four polypeptide chains
  2. Heme group
  3. Iron atom
  4. Oxygen atom
73
Q

Process of transportation of Carbon Dioxide

A
  1. CO2 moves from cells to blood
  2. CO2 combines with water to form H+ and HCO3-
  3. H+ binds with deoxyhemoglobin
  4. HCO3- moves out of blood cells into plasma
  5. Blood passes through pulmonary capillaries
  6. The reaction is reversed
  7. Production of CO2, which is exhaled
74
Q

H+ binds with _____________

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

75
Q

HCO3- moves where?

A

Out of the blood cells into the plasma

76
Q

What happens through the pulmonary capillaries?

A
  1. The reaction is reversed

2. Production of CO2, which is exhaled

Biology 110 (7 decks)

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