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Biology 110 > Chapter 43 - The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 43 - The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

All animals must be able to respond to ___________

A

Environmental Stimuli

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2
Q
  • Detect stimulus (light, heat, touch)

- Ex. Photoreceptors, chemoreceptor

A

Sensory receptors

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3
Q
  • Respond to sensory receptors

- Ex. Muscle, gland

A

Motor effectors

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4
Q

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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5
Q

Consists of sensor and motor neurons

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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6
Q

Three types of neurons

A
  1. Sensory neurons
  2. Motor neurons
  3. Interneurons
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7
Q

Carry impulses to CNS

A

Sensory neruons

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8
Q

Carry impulses from CNS to effectors

A

Motor nuerons

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9
Q
  • Provide more complex reflexes and associates functions
  • Majority of neurons
  • Learning and memory
A

Interneurons

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10
Q

Three parts of a nueron

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
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11
Q

Enlarged part of neuron containing the nucleus

A

Cell body

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12
Q

Short, cytoplasmic extensions that receive stimuli

A

Dendrites

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13
Q

Single, long extension that conducts impulses away from cell body

A

Axon

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14
Q

Supports neurons

A

Neuroglia

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15
Q

Multiple layers of cell membranes wrapped around axons

A

Myelin sheath

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16
Q

Two neuroglia in CNS

A
  1. White matter

2. Grey matter

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17
Q

Myelinated axons form _____?

A

White matter

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18
Q

Dendrites/cell bodies form ____ ?

A

Gray matter

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19
Q

Type of neuroglia in the PNS

A

Nerves

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20
Q

Myelinated axons are bundled to form ________

A

Nerves

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21
Q

A potential difference exists across every neuron’s plasma membrane

A

Membrane potential

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22
Q

Charge of cytoplasmic side?

A

Negative

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23
Q

Charge of extracellular fluid side?

A

Positive

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24
Q

Cytoplasm is negatively charged because of ____

A

Sodium -potassium pump

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25
Q

Brings two k+ into cell for every three Na+ pumped out

A

Sodium-potassium pump

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26
Q
  • Moves away from poles (-70mv) and toward neutral (0mV)

- Because cytoplasm is negatively charged, ___________ makes the membrane potential more posotive

A

Depolarization

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27
Q

Voltage change makes it extremely negative (lower than -70mv)

A

Hyperpolarization

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28
Q

A change in membrane potential that moves down the axon

A

Action potentials

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29
Q

The cycle of action potentials

A
  1. From resting
  2. To depolarization
  3. To hyperpolarization
  4. Back to resting
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30
Q

Action potentials are proliferated by ________

A

Voltage-gated ion channels

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31
Q

What are the voltage-gated ion channels?

A
  • Na+ channels

- K+ channels

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32
Q

_________ channels open first??

A

Na+ channels

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33
Q

What two things do Na+ open channels cause?

A
  1. An influx of Na+

2. Depolarization

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34
Q

_________ channels open second??

A

K+ channels

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35
Q

What two things do K+ channels cause?

A
  1. Cause the exist of K+

2. Hyperpolarization

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36
Q

When depolarization occurs, the change in charge is detected by __________

A

The adjacent Na+ channels

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37
Q

Once the cytoplasm is positive enough, it will cause ____

A
  1. The next channels to open
  2. Na+ to move in
  3. Depolarization to move down the axon
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38
Q

The positive point in action potential is known as _______

A

Threshold

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39
Q

___________ follows depolarization down the axon

A

Hyperpolarization

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40
Q

When hyperpolarization happens, what happens to the voltage gated ion channels?

A
  1. The K+ channels open after the Na+ ones do

2. This causes K+ to rush OUT

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41
Q

Comparative Chart for Na+ channels and K+ channels

A

Na+ Channels

  1. Open quickly
  2. Na+ flows into the cell
  3. Open first
  4. Depolarizes

K+ Channels

  1. Open slowly
  2. Na+ moves in
  3. K+ rushes out
  4. Hyperpolarizes
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42
Q
  • Before an action potential
  • -70mV
  • Na+ moves downstream
  • Contacts the voltage gated ion channel
  • Raises the voltage
A

Resting potential

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43
Q
  • First phase in action potential
  • Enough Na+ can cause the voltage gated ion channel to open
  • Na+ flows through the channel into the cell
  • The region becomes depolarized
A

Rising action potential

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44
Q
  • K+ voltage gated ion channels open next
  • K + flows out of the cell
  • Repolarizes cell to become negative
A

Falling action potential

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45
Q
  • All the K+ causes the cell to become hyperpolarized

- Less negative than -70 mV

A

Undershoot

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46
Q

After the signal moves, that area of the axon becomes reset to the _________

A

Resting potential

47
Q

How does resting potential happen?

A

Sodium Potassium Pump

48
Q

The signal in action potential moves down the axon until it reaches the _________

A

Axon terminal

49
Q
  • Intercellular junctions between neurons

- The way action potential moves across

50
Q

Transmits action potential

A

Presynaptic Cell

51
Q

Synapse that receives action potential

A

Postsynaptic Cell

52
Q

Two types of synapses

A
  1. Electrical

2. Chemical

53
Q

Vertebrates have mostly what kind of synapses?

54
Q

Chemical synapses have a _____________ , which is a space between the two cells

A

Synaptic cleft

55
Q

End of presynaptic axon terminal in chemical synapses contain _________

A

Synaptic Vesicles

56
Q

Synaptic vesicles are packed with _________

A

Neurotransmitters

57
Q

The first four steps of Transmission

A
  1. Action potential moves down the axon
  2. Synaptic vesicles fuse with cell membranes
  3. Neurotransmitter is released into cleft
  4. Diffuses to other side of cleft
58
Q

What causes the first graded potential on the postsynaptic cell?

A

Neurotransmitters activate ligand-gated ion channels on the postsynaptic cells

59
Q

What are closed in the normal resting cell?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

60
Q

Induce openings of the ligand-gated ion channels

A

Neurotransmitters

61
Q

What do neurotransmitters do after they activate Ligand-gated ion channels?

A

Cause changes in cell membrane permeability

62
Q

The process of neurotransmitters in Transmission

A
  1. Bind to ligand-gated ion channels
  2. New action potential begins on the postsynaptic cell
  3. Neurotransmitter action is then terminated
63
Q

What happens when the neurotransmitter action is then terminated?

A
  1. Enzymatic breakdown
  2. Cellular reuptake
  3. Allows for repition
64
Q

Two ways to increase velocity of conduction

A
  1. Axon has a large diameter

2. Axon is myelinated

65
Q
  • Axon has less resistance to current flow

- Found primarily in invertebrates

A

When axon has a large diameter

66
Q
  • Spaces between myelin sheeth

- Action potential is only produced here

A

Nodes of Ranvier

67
Q

Impulses jump from node to node

A

Saltatory conduction

68
Q

When the axon is myelinated, what major thing does it contain?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

69
Q

Prolonged exposure to a neurotransmitter may cause cells to love the ability to respond to it

A

Habituation

70
Q

Example of habituation

71
Q

How does cocaine have an effect on you?

A
  1. Affects the brains “pleasure pathways” (limbic system)
  2. Inhibits reuptake of neurotransmitter (stays in cleft)
  3. Cell decreases the number of receptors to reestablish homeostasis
  4. This results in decreased neuron activity in normal conditions
72
Q

________ are the only major phylum without nerves

73
Q

_________ have the simplest nervous system

A

Cnidarians

74
Q
  • Cnidarians

- Neurons linked to each other in a ________

75
Q

What group has NO association to neurons and one big reflex machine?

A

Cnidarians

76
Q

_________ are the simplest animals with associative activity

A

Free-living Platyhelminthes

77
Q

Three components of Free-living Platyhelminthes nervous sytem

A
  1. Two nerve cords run down the body
  2. Permit complex muscle control
  3. Rudimentary “brain”
78
Q

All other nervous systems in other invertebrates are basically elaboration on the ________ model

A

Platyhelminth

79
Q

__________ have a CNS that connect to the periphery

A

Earthworms

80
Q

________ have a coordination centers in the front, and branching nerve chords

A

Arthropods

81
Q

__________ have several giant axons connecting to relatively large-sized brain

A

Cephalopods

82
Q

Why are the vertebrate brains different than other brains?

A

An enlargement of the anterior portion of the nerve cord

83
Q

Three basic divisions of the vertebrate brain

A
  1. Hindbrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Forebrain
84
Q

Part of the brain that processes blood flow

85
Q

Part of the brain that processes visual information

86
Q

Part of the brain processes olfactory information

87
Q

What part of the brain has evolved in vertebrates and become the dominant feature

88
Q

The increase in brain size in mammals reflects the great enlargement of the ________

89
Q

The cerebrum is split into right and left _____, which are connected by a tract called the ________

A
  1. Cerebral hemisphere

2. Corpus callosum

90
Q

Each hemisphere in the cerebrum __________ from the opposite side

A

Receives sensory input

91
Q

Hemispheres are divided into what four lobes?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
92
Q

Part of the brain that integrates visual, auditory and somatosensory information

93
Q
  • Integrates visceral activities
  • Controls pituitary gland
  • Part of limbic system
A

Hypothalamus

94
Q

The hypothalamus is apart of what system?

A

Limbic system

95
Q

System responsible for emotional response

A

Limbic system

96
Q

A cable of neurons extending from the brain down through the backbone

A

Spinal cord

97
Q

The spinal cord in enclosed and protected by the ________ and ___________

A
  1. Vertebral column

2. Meninges

98
Q

Membranes surrounding the spinal chord

99
Q

Two function of the spinal chord

A
  1. Serves as the body’s “information highway”

2. Reflexes

100
Q

How does the spinal cord function as the body’s information highway?

A
  1. Functions to interpret simple information with interneurons
  2. Relays messages between the body and the brain
101
Q
  • The knee jerk is __________
A

Monosynaptic (no interneurons)

102
Q

Most reflexes in vertebrates involves a ________

A

Single neuron

103
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A
  1. Nerves

2. Ganglia

104
Q

Bundles of axons bound by connective tissue

105
Q

Aggregates of neuron cell bodies

106
Q

____________ stimulate the skeletal muscles to contract

A

Somatic Motor Neurons

107
Q

What are somatic motor neurons in response to?

A

Conscious command or reflex actions

108
Q

How many neurons do the somatic motor neurons need?

A

One motor neuron

109
Q

Subconscious control

A

The Autonomic Nervous System

110
Q

Motor pathway of the autonomic nervous system has how many motor neurons

111
Q

What is the process of autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. The first neuron exits the CNS and synapses at autonomic ganglia
  2. The second exist the ganglion and regulates effectors (smooth or cardiac muscle or glands)
112
Q

Five facts about Sympathetic Division

A
  1. FIght or flight
  2. Heightened metabolism
  3. Reduce digestion
  4. Increase alertness
  5. Increase respiration
113
Q

Four facts about Parasympathetic Division

A
  1. Slow heart rate and breathing
  2. Increase digestive functions
  3. Relaxed state

Biology 110 (7 decks)

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