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Biology 110 > Chapter 50 - Osmotic Regulation and Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 50 - Osmotic Regulation and Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

To maintain osmotic balance, the animal’s body must

A
  1. Be able to take out from the environment
  2. Excrete excess water into the environment
  3. Exchange solutes to maintain homeostasis
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2
Q

The measure of a solution’s tendency to take in water by osmosis

A

Osmotic Pressure

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3
Q

The measure of a solution’s ability to change the volume of a cell by osmosis

A

Tonicity

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4
Q

Solutions may be _________

A

hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic

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5
Q

More solutes and less water, will take in water from the surrounding

A

Hypertonic

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6
Q

Less solute and more water, will lose water to surroundings

A

Hypotonic

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7
Q

Equal water exchange with surroundings

A

Isotonic

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8
Q

Water always moves from

A

Hypotonic to hypertonic

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9
Q

Organisms that are in osmotic equilibrium (isotonic) with their enviorment

A

Osmoconformers

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10
Q

What organisms are the osmoconformers?

A
  1. Most marine invertebrates

2. Chondrichthythes

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11
Q

Maintain a constant blood osmolarity different than their environment (hypertonic/hypotonic)

A

Osmoregulators

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12
Q

What organisms are the osmoregulators?

A
  1. Most vertebrates

2. All terrestrial animals

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13
Q

Produced when amino acids and nucleic acids are broken down

A

Nitrogenous Wastes

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14
Q

The amino acid group is removed, resulting in _________

A

Ammonia (NH3)

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15
Q

When is ammonia safe?

A

In dilute concentrations

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16
Q

Excessive accumulation of ammonia derivatives in joints causes __________ in humans

A

Gout

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17
Q

How do bony fish and immature amphibians eliminate nitrogenous waste?

A

By diffusion via gills

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18
Q

How do chondrichthyes, adult amphibians, and mammals eliminate nitrogenous waste?

A

Convert ammonia into urea, which is dissolved in water.

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19
Q

How do birds, reptiles, and insects get rid of nitrogenous waste?

A

Convert ammonia into the water insoluble uric acid.

- Uses more carbon, but does not need water

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20
Q

What do vacuoles do and who uses them?

A
  1. Single celled protists use contractile vacuoles
  2. Pump out excess water to ensure cell does not buret
  3. Nitrogenous wastes excreted through membrane
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21
Q

______ are a network of tubes which branch into the ______

A
  1. Protonephridia

2. Flame Cells

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22
Q

Removes solutes and excess water from the body in flatworms

A

Flame Cells

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23
Q

Open to the outside of the body through a pore in flatworms

A

Protonephridia

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24
Q

What species use protonephridia and flame cells?

A

Flatworms

25
Q

A series of convoluted tubules that remove excess water and solutes from blood and urine (earthworms)
- Urine excreted through a pore

A

Nephridia

26
Q

Who use nephridia?

A

Earthworms

27
Q
  • In insects

- Extensions of the digestive tract

A

Malpighian tubules

28
Q

How do Malpighian tubules work?

A
  1. H2O and K+ are secreted into the tubules by active transport
  2. Create an osmotic gradient that draws H2O into the tubules by osmosis
  3. H20 and K+ are reabsorbed into the open circulatory system through hindgut
  4. Wastes left behind to be excreted
29
Q

Who are isotonic to seawater?

A

Cartilaginous Fish

30
Q

What does it mean to be isotonic to seawater?

A
  • Instead of excreted most urea in urine, much urea is reabsorbed and pooled in blood
  • The solute concentration in the blood is equal to that of the sea water
31
Q

Shark blood has 100 times the amount of ________ as a mammal

A

Urea

32
Q

Who are hypotonic to seawater?

A

Saltwater bony fish

33
Q

Hypotonic to seawater means

A

Water wants to leave their bodies by osmosis across their gills

34
Q

The process of being hypotonic to seawater

A
  1. Drink large amounts of seawater
  2. Seawater ions become dissolved in the blood
  3. Actively eliminate those ions across the gill surface
  4. Have a kidney that produces urine isotonic to body fluids
35
Q

Who are hypertonic to fresh water?

A

Freshwater bony fish

36
Q

What does it mean to be hypertonic to fresh water?

A

Water wants to enter body from environment

37
Q

The result of being hypertonic to fresh water

A
  1. Kidneys produce large amounts of dilute urine
  2. Solutes want to leave the body
  3. Therefore, they reabsorb ions across nephrons
38
Q

__________________ absorb much of the salt and water in their blood in their kidney

A

Terrestrial Reptiles

39
Q

How do terrestrial absorb salt and water into their blood in their kidney?

A
  1. Move the dilute urine into the cloaca

2. Water is reabsorbed in the cloaca

40
Q

_______ and ________ are the only vertebrates that can produce urine that is hypertonic to body fluids in kidney

A

Mammals and Birds

41
Q

How can mammals and birds produce urine that is hypertonic to body fluids in kidney?

A

Renal Tubules

42
Q

Each mammalian kidney is made up of about 1 million functioning ______

A

Nephrons

43
Q

Where urine is produced from the blood

A

Nephrons

44
Q

In the nephron, blood is carried into the ______

A

Glomerulus

45
Q

The result of plasma being filtered as it is forced through porous capillary walls

A

Filtrate

46
Q

Filtrate enters ________

A

Bowman’s Capsule

47
Q

Where do cells and large proteins go when filtrate is made?

A

Stay behind and drain out

48
Q

Filtrate moves through the __________

A

Renal Tubules

49
Q

By the time filtrate exits the collecting duct, it is now ____

A

Urine

50
Q

Blood plasma is filtered out of the glomerulus into the tubule sytem

A

Filtration

51
Q

Selective movement of substances out of the filtrate back into the blood (H20, Na, Cl, K, Ca, HCO3)

A

Reabsorption

52
Q

Active movement of substances from the blood into the filtrate (H, K, Toxins)

A

Secretion

53
Q

The three jobs the kidney has

A
  1. Regulate electrolyte balance in the blood by reabsorption and secretion of (Na, Cl, Ca, K, H, and HCO3)
  2. Eliminates toxins and metabolic wastes
  3. Maintain relatively constant levels of blood, volume, pressure, and osmolarity
54
Q

Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

55
Q

What are antidiuretic hormones?

A
  1. Stimulated by an increase of osmolarity of blood
  2. Causes walls of distal tubule and collecting ducts to become more permeable to water
  3. Increase reabsorption of water
56
Q

Is secreted by the adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone

57
Q

What are aldosterone hormones?

A
  1. Stimulated by low levels of Na in blood
  2. Causes distal tubule and collecting ducts to reabsorb Na
  3. Reabsorption of Cl and water follows
58
Q

What do marine reptiles and birds do to regulate salt?

A
  1. Drink seawater and excrete an isotonic urine
  2. Solutes concentration in blood will be too high
  3. Eliminate excess salt via salt glands

Biology 110 (7 decks)

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