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Biology 110 > Chapter 44 - Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 44 - Sensory Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Provide information from our environments that is crucial for survival

A

Sensory receptors

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2
Q

Sene external stimuli

A

Exteroceptors

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3
Q

Sense internal stimuli

A

Interoceptors

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4
Q

Three groups of receptors

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
  3. Energy-detecting receptors
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5
Q

Are stimulated by mechanical forces such as pressure

A

Mechanoreceptors

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6
Q

Detect chemicals or chemical changes

A

Chemoreceptors

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7
Q

React to electromagnetic and thermal energy

A

Energy-detecting receptors

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8
Q

Sensory information is perceived in a four step process

A
  1. Stimulation
  2. Transduction
  3. Transmission
  4. Interpreting
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9
Q

Receptor potential in sensory cell created

A

Transduction

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10
Q

Action potential in sensory neuron

A

Transmission

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11
Q

CNS processing

A

Interpretation

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12
Q

Sensory cells respond to stimuli via ___________ in their membranes

A

Stimulus-gated Ion Channels

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13
Q

Stimulus-gated ion channels are open or close depending on the ____________

A

sensory system involved

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14
Q

Depolarization of receptor cell occurs

A

Receptor potential

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15
Q

What will respond to a specific kind of stimulus

A

Receptor Potential

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16
Q

Six different kinds of Mechanoreceptors

A
  1. Nociceptors
  2. Thermoreceptors
  3. Detect touch
  4. Proprioceptors
  5. Baroreceptors
  6. Hair Cells
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17
Q
  • Transmits impulses based on cell damage
  • Perceived as pain
  • Most consist of free nerve endings located throughout the body (especially where damage is most likely to occur)
A

Nociceptors

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18
Q
  • Naked dendritic endings of sensory neurons
  • Sensitive to changes in temperature
  • Contain ion channels that are receptive to hot and cold
A

Thermoreceptors

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19
Q

________ located higher in the skin, and are much more numerous, than _____

A
  1. Cold receptors

2. Warm receptors

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20
Q

Contain sensory cells with ion channels that open in response to membrane distortions

A

Types detected by touch

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21
Q
  • Monitor muscle length and tension

- Provide information about the relative position or movement of animal’s body parts

A

Proprioceptors

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22
Q

Where are proprioceptors?

A
  • Muscle spindles

- Golgi tendon organs

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23
Q
  • Monitor blood pressure
  • Detect tension or stretch in the walls of those blood vessels (When blood pressure decreases, the frequency of impulses decreases)
A

Baroreceptors

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24
Q

In baroreceptors, branched network of afferent neurons are in the _____ or_______

A
  1. Carotid sinus

2. Aortic arch

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25
Q
  • When stereocillia bend they send an action potential to a sensory neuron
A

Hair Cells

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26
Q

Speciaized cells with cytoplasmic extensions called ______

A

Stereocillia

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27
Q

Three senses in hair cells

A
  1. Water current
  2. Hearing
  3. Balance
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28
Q

Consists of canals running the length of the firsh’s body beneath the skin surface

A

Lateral Line

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29
Q

The lateral line contains _______ in a gelatinous _______

A
  1. Hair cells

2. Cupula

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30
Q

How does the lateral line system work?

A
  1. Innervated by sensory neurons that transmit impulses

2. Bending of sterecilia detects currents

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31
Q

The detection of vibrations

A

Hearing

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32
Q

The process of detection of vibrations

A
  1. Perceived as sound

2. Involves the bending of stereocillia in hair cells

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33
Q

Two advantages the involve with the bending of stereocillia in hair cells

A
  1. Auditory stimuli travel farther and more quickly than chemical ones
  2. Auditory receptors provide better directional information than chemoreceptors
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34
Q
  • Inner ear
  • Has three chambers filled with fluid
  • Wrapped in a coil
  • Vibration travel down these canals
A

Cochlea

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35
Q

The cochlea contains what organ?

A

Organ of Corti

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36
Q

How does the organ of corti work?

A
  1. Has a basilar membrane with hair cells
  2. Vibrations of the basilar membrane’s hair cells press the stereocilia against the tectorial membrane
  3. Send nerve impulses to brain, where they are interpreted as sound
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37
Q

Key words with the cochlea

A
  1. Organ of Corti
  2. Basilar membrane
  3. Tectorial membrane
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38
Q

Mammals that have the ability to perceive presence and distance of objects by sound

A

Echolocation

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39
Q

Who uses echolocation?

A
  1. Bats
  2. Shrews
  3. Whales
  4. Dolphins
40
Q

How does echolocation work?

A

Animals emit sounds and then determine the time it takes these sounds to return

41
Q

How does balance work in vertebrates and what are the parts used?

A

In vertebrates, the gravity receptors consist of two chambers in the membranous labyrinth

42
Q

What are in the utricle and saccule?

A

Hair Cells

43
Q

Hair cells are embedded in a calcium rich _______

A

Otolith membrane

44
Q

_______ causes the ________ to move and ______ to bend

A
  1. Head movement
  2. Otolithic membrane
  3. Stereocilia
45
Q

Detect angular acceleration in any direction

A

Semicircular canals

46
Q

Semicircular canals have swollen chambers called ____

A

Ampullae

47
Q

In semicircular canals have hair cell stereocilia. Within a gelatinous _____ protrude into them.

A

Cupula

48
Q

What does acceleration do?

A
  • Moves fluid in the canals
  • Bends the cupulla
  • Bends the stereocilia
49
Q
  • Can bind to particular chemicals in extracellular fluid
  • Membrane of sensory neuron becomes depolarized and produces action potentials
  • Senses
A

Chemoreceptors

50
Q

Three senses from chemoreceptors

A
  1. Taste
  2. Blood
  3. Blood composition
51
Q

Two parts of gustation

A
  1. Taste

2. Taste buds

52
Q

Taste is broken down into what five receptor types?

A
  • Sweet
  • Sour
  • Salty
  • Bitter
  • Umami
53
Q

Collection of chemosensitive cells associated with afferent neurons

A

Taste buds

54
Q

Where do arthropods have taste chemoreceptors?

A

Flies have them in sensory hairs located on their feet

55
Q

Involves neurons located in the upper portion of the nasal passages

A

Smell

56
Q

Olfaction transmits impulses directly to the brain via _____

A

The olfactory nerve

57
Q

Humans have over ____ receptors and can discern thousands of different smells

A

50

58
Q
  • Found in the aortic and carotid bodies

- Sensitivity primarily to the pH of plasma

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

59
Q
  • Found in the medulla oblongata of the brain

- Sensitive to the pH of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Central chemoreceptors

60
Q

Vision begins with the capture of light energy by ______

A

Photoreceptors

61
Q

Many invertebrates have photoreceptors clustered in an ________

A

Eyespot

62
Q

______ can perceive the direction of light but cannot construct a visual image

A

Flatworms

63
Q

Four different phyla have evolved well-developed, image forming eyes

A
  1. Annelids
  2. Mollusks
  3. Arthropods
  4. Chordates
64
Q

Vision in different phyla is similar in structure but evolved independently. This is an example of _______

A

Convergent evolution

65
Q

Two components in the vertebrate retina

A
  1. Rods

2. Cones

66
Q

Black and white vision when illumination is dim

A

Rods

67
Q
  • Color vision and high visual acuity (sharpness)

- Most are located in the central region of the retina

A

Cones

68
Q
  • In rods

- Broad ranging pigment that detects values

A

Rhodopsin

69
Q

Cones have _____

A

Photopsins

70
Q

Each rhodopsin and photopsin has a different ________

A

Amino acid sequence

71
Q

What do the amino acid sequences do in the rhodopsin and photopsins?

A
  1. Can each register a different range of the EMS

2. The more you have the more color you see

72
Q

Carnivores have two types of cones called _____

A

Dichromats

73
Q

Humans have three kinds of cones called ______

A

Trichomats

74
Q

Color blind humans are usually _____

A

Dichromats

75
Q

Birds have four cones called _____

A

Tetrachromats

76
Q

Birds are special because they can see what humans see and _____

A

Ultraviolet

77
Q

_____ is a transparent structure that completes focusing light on the _______

A
  1. Lens

2. Retina

78
Q

People who are nearsighted or farsighted do not properly focus the image on the _____

A

Retina

79
Q

The retina consists of three layers of cells

A
  1. Photoreceptors
  2. Bipolar layer
  3. Ganglion cells
80
Q

External layer of retina contains

A

Photoreceptors

81
Q

Middle layer of retina contains

A

Bipolar layers

82
Q

Layer closest to the eye cavity in the retina contains

A

Ganglion cells

83
Q

________ stimulate ______ which stimulate _____ in the eye

A
  1. Photoreceptors
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Ganglion cells
84
Q

Transmit impulses to the brain via optic nerve

A

Ganglion cells

85
Q

First three steps in visual processing

A
  1. Action potentials in the optic nerves are relayed from the retina to the thalamus
  2. They are then projected to the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex
  3. Each hemisphere of the cerebrum receives input from both eyes
86
Q

Vision that give the ability to perceive 3-D images and depth
- Two fields of vision overlap

A

Binocular vision

87
Q

Primates and predators have two eyes, one located on each side of the face called what kind of vision?

A

Binocular Vision

88
Q

Prey animals generally have eyes located where?

A

On the sides of their head

89
Q

Eyes on the sides of an animals head produces two things

A
  1. Reduces binocular vision

2. Enlarges the overall field

90
Q

The only vertebrates that can sense infrared radiation are ___

A

Snakes

91
Q

Snakes have a pair of ____ on either side of their head

A

Pit organs

92
Q

These locate heat sources in the environment, including prey in darkness

A

Pit organs

93
Q

The elasmobrachs (sharks, rays, and skates) have ______

A

Electroreceptors

94
Q

Can sense electrical currents generated by the muscle contraction of their prey

A

Ampullae of Lorenzini

95
Q
  • Eels, sharks, bees and many birds

- Navigate along the magnetic field lines of the Earth

A

Magnetoception

Biology 110 (7 decks)

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