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PSY 255 > Chapter 5: Working Memory and Cognitive Control > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Working Memory and Cognitive Control Flashcards

1
Q

Working Memory

A

A brain system that provides temporary storage and manipulation of the information necessary for such complex cognitive tasks as language comprehension, learning, and reasoning

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2
Q

Who developed the most influential model of Working Memory?

A

Alan Baddeley

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3
Q

Working memory is essential for what?

A

everything you do with your mind

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4
Q

Storage

A

Maintains information after it is no longer available in perception

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5
Q

Storage is a form of what?

A

Internal attention

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6
Q

Working memory is where the mind _____ - performs operations on and transforms - information

A

manipulates

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7
Q

Working memory involves the ____ ______ and three subcomponents.

A

Central executive

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8
Q

What is the central executive?

A

The primary system for controlling attention and thinking - this is where information is manipulated - and it operates over information temporarily stored in two separate buffers

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9
Q

Phonological loop

A

stores and rehearses verbal and acoustic information

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10
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

stores and manipulates visual information

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11
Q

Episodic buffer

A

A multimodal; it integrates information form multiple internal sources - such as the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory - into an episodic representation

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12
Q

A key feature of all these stores is their _____ ______

A

Limited capacity

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13
Q

The central executive is the ____ ____ for working memory

A

Command system

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14
Q

The brain recruits the _____ ______ to perform central executive functions such as dealing with response conflict, divided attention, task switching, working memory load, and problem solving

A

prefrontal cortex

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15
Q

What are the two mechanisms of phonological loop?

A
  1. Phonological store
  2. Articulatory rehearsal loop
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16
Q

Phonological store

A

Holds sound- or speech-based information for 1 to 2 seconds

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17
Q

Articulatory rehearsal loop

A

occurs through inner speech

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18
Q

Storage capacity is commonly tested with the ____-____ ____

A

digit-span task

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19
Q

Miller proposed that working memory capacity was ____ ____ or ____ ____ “_____”

A

seven plus or minus two “chunks”

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20
Q

Word-length effect

A

the working memory capacity for words or other phonological stimuli depends on the spoken duration or syllable length of the words

21
Q

Acoustic similarity effect

A

the reduced capacity of working memory for items sillier in sound, compared with items that are dissimilar in sound; individuals find it harder to recall a series of similar words

22
Q

Irrelevant speech effect

A

refers to the impairment of working memory by irrelevant spoken material; occurs even if the irrelevant spoken material involves nonsense words or words from a foreign language

23
Q

Articulatory suppression

A

the disruption of working memory that occurs when uttering irrelevant sounds

24
Q

Visual short-term memory

A

the function of the visuospatial sketchpad; retains visual information over time, especially when the perceptual image is no longer available, or has changed, most commonly whenever you move your eyes

25
Q

______ allows you to individuate the objects, tracking them as separate entities based on location

A

Position

26
Q

How are long-term memory and working memory related?

A

On one hand, they are independent of each other. However, long-term memory needs to be active or recruited during working memory tasks.

27
Q

Cognitive Control

A

the ability to orchestrate thought and action in accordance with internal goals; makes our activities purposeful

28
Q

Proactive control

A

applying cognitive control in anticipation of a challenge

29
Q

Reactive control

A

applying cognitive control in reaction to a challenge

30
Q

mental resource

A

refers to limitations in how much information the mind can process at any given time

31
Q

Internal attention

A

refers to limitations in how much information can be prioritized within the mind

32
Q

2 primary factors dictate whether effective multitasking is possible:

A
  1. Cognitive Load
  2. Cognitive Overlap
33
Q

Cognitive Load

A

describes a task’s difficulty (load=low, task = easy to perform simultaneously with another task)

34
Q

Cognitive Overlap

A

how much the demands of simultaneous tasks compete for the same mental

35
Q

Cognitive Interference

A

occurs when load is high or when 2 tasks overlap and performance suffers as a result. With a lower load or less overlap. Less cognitive interference will occur, allowing for better multitasking

36
Q

Automatic process

A

performing a task that requires minimal cognitive effort

37
Q

Controlled process

A

performing a task that requires more cognitive involvement

38
Q

Inhibition

A

the ability to suppress information, thoughts, or actions that may interfere with ongoing behavior; reduces distraction and helps people choose to act

39
Q

stop-signal task

A

individuals respond as quickly as possible to a green circle target; in some trials, a red target appears soon after

40
Q

Simon task (spatial interference task)

A

spatial incompatibility between the target location and the responding hand slows down response time

41
Q

Flanker task

A

reveals 2 types of interference: perceptual and response interference

42
Q

Response to interference is cognitive control, which performs 2 functions

A
  1. cognitive control processes must detect interference (conflict monitoring)
  2. Once detected, cognitive control mechanisms must reduce that interference (conflict resolution) either w/ inhibition or other behavioral adjustments
43
Q

Task-switch off

A

refers to the speed and accuracy penalty that comes w/ having to switch tasks

44
Q

Preparation effect

A

increasing the time between targets (trials) gives people more time to prepare and thus reduces the task-switch cost (never goes away; practice only reduces it)

45
Q

Emotion regulation

A

the ability to manage one’s emotions is cognitive control function

46
Q

rumination

A

an incessant focus on one’s negative thoughts; occurs when people find it difficult to disengage attention (inhibit) from negative thoughts about oneself, interpersonal relationship, or stressful events

47
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Curve

A

describes how performance suffers as a result of anxiety, especially for difficult tasks - those requiring a high degree of cognitive control

48
Q

Ego Depletion

A

occurs when one’s energy for mental activity is exhausted, impairing cognitive control and cognitive activities (impacted by food and blood glucose)

49
Q

Attention Restoration Theory

A

being out in nature can restore cognitive fatigue

PSY 255 (11 decks)

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