Chapter 11: Intelligence and Knowledge

Question 1

Intelligence

Answer 1

Refers to the ability to reason, solve problems, and gain new knowledge

Question 2

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Answer 2

The technology that increasingly enables computers to engage in or mimic complex cognitive functions

Question 3

Intelligence research attempts to understand…??

Answer 3

The degree to which individual differences in cognitive ability contribute to outcomes

Question 4

Psychometric approach

Answer 4

Seeks to understand the most valid way to measure intelligence

Question 5

Information-processing approach

Answer 5

provides a complementary, but not exclusive, perspective on intelligence; researchers try to understand the neurocognitive processes that are involved in intelligent behavior

Question 6

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

Answer 6

Gave us the term intelligence quotient (IQ), which is calculated by dividing a person’s mental age by his or her chronological age and multiplying by 100

Question 7

Wechsler Scales

Answer 7

Aimed to measure “the global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his/her environment”

Question 8

Charles Spearman developed what theory?

Answer 8

The two-factor theory of intelligence

Question 9

Factor analysis

Answer 9

Takes several independently measured variables and determines the number of underlying factors (or latent variables) that best explains the data variance

Question 10

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 10

pertains to people’s knowledge, as reflected in tests of vocabulary and facts about the world

Question 11

Fluid intelligence

Answer 11

involves content-independent analytical processes, which come into play when discerning patterns in the environment, understanding analogies, and drawing inferences

Question 12

Raven’s Progressive Matrices

Answer 12

Tests people’s abilities to perceive and learn patterns involving unfamiliar stimuli

Question 13

Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Answer 13

Differentiates between analytical, practical, and creative intelligences

Question 14

Analytical intelligence

Answer 14

Maps roughly onto IQ measures and is the intelligence most liked with traditional notions of general intelligence

Question 15

Creative intelligence

Answer 15

Involves people’s ability to reason in novel, or non-entrenched ways

Question 16

Practical intelligence

Answer 16

Pertains to people’s abilities to meet the challenges they encounter in everyday life

Question 17

What are the 7 intelligences LL Thurstone argues for?

Answer 17

1. Verbal fluency
2. Comprehension
3. Numerical computation
4. Spatial ability
5. Associative memory
6. Reasoning
7. Perceptual speed

Question 18

Multiple intelligences theory of Howard Gardner contains what intelligences?

Answer 18

• Musical
• Bodily/kinesthetic
• Spatial
• Verbal
• Logical/mathematical
• Intrapersonal (managing oneself) and interpersonal (interacting with others) domains
• An ability to understand patterns in the environment

Question 19

Savant Syndrome

Answer 19

Characterized by generally low intelligence (as traditionally measured) but incredible skill in a particular domain

Question 20

Several researchers have sought to understand how cognitive and neural processes contribute to intelligence, a perspective referred to as the:

Answer 20

information-processing approach

Question 21

Inspection time

Answer 21

The shortest exposure at which people can render accurate judgements

Question 22

Emotional intelligence

Answer 22

People’s ability to recognize and manage emotions

Question 23

Fixed mindset

Answer 23

people regard intelligence as unchanging

Question 24

Growth mindset

Answer 24

people regard intelligence as something that can improve with practice and hard work

Question 25

Creativity

Answer 25

The ability to arrive at completely novel solutions and creations

Question 26

Knowledge

Answer 26

What we’ve learned about the world around us; obtained through perception, refined through reasoning, and stored in memory; tightly linked to perception

Question 27

Embodied Cognition

Answer 27

Theory that argues that shared representations are used for perception, action, and knowledge

Question 28

Categorization

Answer 28

the process of grouping items or ideas together and distinguishing them from other ideas or ideas; can be understood as concepts

Question 29

Concepts

Answer 29

the mental representations in the brain that corresponds to objects or ideas in the world

Question 30

Feature-based categorization

Answer 30

categories are defined according to a set of characteristic features

Question 31

Family resemblance

Answer 31

refers to the fact that items in a category tend to share features

Question 32

Categories are exemplified by a ______, a typical or ideal member

Answer 32

prototype

Question 33

Typicality effect

Answer 33

refers to how some members of a category are more representative than others

Question 34

Sentence Verification task

Answer 34

people are quicker to affirm examples that are closer to their category prototypes than others are

Question 35

Exemplar-based categorization

Answer 35

appeals to the actual examples or specimens of a category

Question 36

Categories are organized in a _______ _______ with each other

Answer 36

hierarchical relationship