Chapter 11: Intelligence and Knowledge Flashcards
Intelligence
Refers to the ability to reason, solve problems, and gain new knowledge
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
The technology that increasingly enables computers to engage in or mimic complex cognitive functions
Intelligence research attempts to understand…??
The degree to which individual differences in cognitive ability contribute to outcomes
Psychometric approach
Seeks to understand the most valid way to measure intelligence
Information-processing approach
provides a complementary, but not exclusive, perspective on intelligence; researchers try to understand the neurocognitive processes that are involved in intelligent behavior
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
Gave us the term intelligence quotient (IQ), which is calculated by dividing a person’s mental age by his or her chronological age and multiplying by 100
Wechsler Scales
Aimed to measure “the global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his/her environment”
Charles Spearman developed what theory?
The two-factor theory of intelligence
Factor analysis
Takes several independently measured variables and determines the number of underlying factors (or latent variables) that best explains the data variance
Crystallized intelligence
pertains to people’s knowledge, as reflected in tests of vocabulary and facts about the world
Fluid intelligence
involves content-independent analytical processes, which come into play when discerning patterns in the environment, understanding analogies, and drawing inferences
Raven’s Progressive Matrices
Tests people’s abilities to perceive and learn patterns involving unfamiliar stimuli
Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Differentiates between analytical, practical, and creative intelligences
Analytical intelligence
Maps roughly onto IQ measures and is the intelligence most liked with traditional notions of general intelligence
Creative intelligence
Involves people’s ability to reason in novel, or non-entrenched ways
Practical intelligence
Pertains to people’s abilities to meet the challenges they encounter in everyday life
What are the 7 intelligences LL Thurstone argues for?
- Verbal fluency
- Comprehension
- Numerical computation
- Spatial ability
- Associative memory
- Reasoning
- Perceptual speed
Multiple intelligences theory of Howard Gardner contains what intelligences?
- Musical
- Bodily/kinesthetic
- Spatial
- Verbal
- Logical/mathematical
- Intrapersonal (managing oneself) and interpersonal (interacting with others) domains
- An ability to understand patterns in the environment
Savant Syndrome
Characterized by generally low intelligence (as traditionally measured) but incredible skill in a particular domain
Several researchers have sought to understand how cognitive and neural processes contribute to intelligence, a perspective referred to as the:
information-processing approach
Inspection time
The shortest exposure at which people can render accurate judgements
Emotional intelligence
People’s ability to recognize and manage emotions
Fixed mindset
people regard intelligence as unchanging
Growth mindset
people regard intelligence as something that can improve with practice and hard work
Creativity
The ability to arrive at completely novel solutions and creations
Knowledge
What we’ve learned about the world around us; obtained through perception, refined through reasoning, and stored in memory; tightly linked to perception
Embodied Cognition
Theory that argues that shared representations are used for perception, action, and knowledge
Categorization
the process of grouping items or ideas together and distinguishing them from other ideas or ideas; can be understood as concepts
Concepts
the mental representations in the brain that corresponds to objects or ideas in the world
Feature-based categorization
categories are defined according to a set of characteristic features
Family resemblance
refers to the fact that items in a category tend to share features
Categories are exemplified by a ______, a typical or ideal member
prototype
Typicality effect
refers to how some members of a category are more representative than others
Sentence Verification task
people are quicker to affirm examples that are closer to their category prototypes than others are
Exemplar-based categorization
appeals to the actual examples or specimens of a category
Categories are organized in a _______ _______ with each other
hierarchical relationship
