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PSY 255 > Chapter 3: Perception and Mental Imagery > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Perception and Mental Imagery Flashcards

1
Q

Perception

A

the ability to recognize and interpret information from the senses

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2
Q

(T or F) The very act of perceiving involves making sense of the raw stimulation conveyed by our senses

A

True

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3
Q

Blind Spot

A

Each of our eyes have it; its toward the outside edges of our vision, where the optic nerve passes through to convey visual signals to the brain. We don’t notice this gap in our visual experience of the world because our minds fill-in the missing information

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4
Q

Model Completion

A

Your view of an illusory object is not obstructed, and where there is no objective boundary between the illusory object and the background

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5
Q

Amodal Completion

A

Where you seem to perceive an object despite an apparently obstructed view

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6
Q

(T or F) Perception is a cognitive act

A

True

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7
Q

(T or F) What you consciously perceive is NOT heavily shaped by what your mind chooses to see, hear, taste, feel, or smell

A

False

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8
Q

What was George Berkley’s contribution?

A

“To be is to be perceived”, meaning that an object doesn’t exist if your mind doesn’t perceive it.

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9
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

The sensory input, such as an image, coming through the eyes and falling on the retina, or sounds impinging on the ears, stimulating the cochlea

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10
Q

Retina

A

the light-sensitive part of our eyes

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11
Q

In vision, light reflected by objects in the world passes through our eyes and stimulates a collection of more than 100 million _____ on the retina at the back of each eye

A

Photoreceptors

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12
Q

The center of the retina, known as the _____, contains densely packed photoreceptors known as _____, which are differentially sensitive to wavelengths corresponding to different colors.

A
  1. Fovea
  2. Cones
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13
Q

(T or F) The retina also contains extremely light-sensitive photoreceptors known as rods, which come in handy when light is very dim but which do not distinguish among colors

A

True

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14
Q

Sensation

A

The input for perception - the stimulation of the sensory receptors

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15
Q

Transduction

A

The process by which physical signals from the environment are translated into neural signals that the brain can use

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16
Q

Through transduction, signals are projected all the way to the _____, which is located at the ______

A

Primary visual cortex
Back of the brain

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17
Q

(T or F) The primary visual cortex is specialized for the most rudimentary visual processing, such as determining the orientations and spatial frequencies of light and dark patches in the visual world.

A

True

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18
Q

Feedforward System

A

the hierarchical account of the flow of visual information processing

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19
Q

Top-down information

A

the knowledge and expectations that influence and enhance our interpretation of sensory input

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20
Q

What 2 things shape perception, and what makes predictions in perception?

A
  1. CONTEXT SHAPES PERCEPTION
  2. EXPERIENCE SHAPES PERCEPTION
  3. VISUAL BRAIN MAKES PREDICTIONS
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21
Q

Predictive coding

A

The visual brain seems to operate by making predictions about what input the eyes are about to receive

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22
Q

Cognitively Impenetrable

A

those who argue that perceptual processing proceeds without influence from “high-level” cognition - for example, beliefs, knowledge, or motivation that suggest this

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23
Q

Object Segmentation

A

Visually assigning the elements of a scene to separate objects and backgrounds

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24
Q

Figure-ground organization

A

When the boundary between an object and its background is clear, and it’s not always evident which side of the boundary belongs to the object (or figure) and which side of the boundary belongs to the background

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25
Q

How do people decide which side of a shared boundary is the figure and which is the ground?

A

According to current models of figure-ground organization, the sides falling on either side of a shared boundary activate representations that compete with each other for “figure status”, with the winning representations inhibiting neural activity corresponding to the losing representation

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26
Q

What are the rules researchers discovered that resolve the competition in figure-ground organization?

A
  1. Rule of enclosure
  2. Rule of symmetry
  3. Rule of convexity
  4. Rule of meaningfulness
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27
Q

Occlusion

A

Refers to the fact that our views of objects are often partially blocked by other objects. The brain needs to “fill in”, or infer, the missing information, a process known as a modal completion

28
Q

Boundary Extension

A

Where people tend to remember pictures as having extended beyond their edges, as if their minds fill in a little bit of what the scene would have looked like had it not been cut off at its border

29
Q

Inverse Projection Problem

A

Refers to the fact that we live in a three-dimensional (3D) world, but the input to our eyes is two-dimensional (2D)

30
Q

We cannot tell from a given ____ retinal image what the _____ object is out there in the physical world

A
  1. 2D
  2. 3D
31
Q

Binocular disparity

A

The closer something is to you, the greater the difference between what your two eyes see

32
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

Cues that require both eyes to be effective

33
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

The cues your mind uses to construct a 3D understanding of the 2D image cast on your retinae

34
Q

Linear perspective

A

Refers to the way parallel lines appear to move closer together and converge on a single point (a vanishing point) as they recede into the distance (monocular clue)

35
Q

Texture gradient

A

Refers to the way textural elements that are presumably of similar size appear to get smaller and more densely packed together as they recede into the distance (monocular clue)

36
Q

Object constancy

A

Refers to the fact that although the same object looks very different on the retina depending on its orientation

37
Q

Size constancy

A

Refers to the fact that the perceived sizes of objects are remarkably stable despite radical differences in their image size on the retina

38
Q

Color constancy

A

When our visual system factors in differences in illumination when shaping our color perception

39
Q

Lightness constancy

A

When our minds factor in illumination conditions when perceiving the brightness of things

40
Q

Object recognition would remain difficult because of what 3 variations?

A
  1. Variation in shape
  2. Variation in orientation
  3. Variation in lighting conditions
41
Q

Agnosia

A

The inability to recognize objects

42
Q

Apperceptive agnosia

A

Individuals who seem to have impaired early vision, because they cannot perform even the simplest visual feature tasks; they are unable even to copy images

43
Q

Associative agnosia

A

Early vision (perception) seems intact, as individuals can copy what they see; it’s the inability to name objects attributed to a later stage of recognition and categorization

44
Q

View-based approach

A

Claims that we match images to representations that are like two-dimensional pictures or templates.

45
Q

What is a template in the view-based approach?

A

It is a representation that fully describes the shape of an object

46
Q

Structural descriptions

A

Models that represent objects as sets of three-dimensional parts standing in spatial relationships to each other

47
Q

Biederman’s recognition by components

A

Biederman proposed that there is an alphabet of about 36 or fewer basic shapes, or goons, and different combinations of goons allow for representation of different objects, and it has been estimated that combinations of up to three goons can yield about 154 million distinct structure.

48
Q

The view-based approach proposes that we store multiple representations corresponding to multiple views (or templates) of the same object, allowing us to quickly match an incoming object to the corresponding representation. This is also known as the _________.

A

Multiple-trace memory model

49
Q

Holistic Perception

A

We process a whole object at once, including the relations of the individual parts to each other

50
Q

Disorders that involve difficulty processing faces — such as autism and schizophrenia — have been linked to diminished ________

A

Holistic processing

51
Q

Deep learning

A

A form of artificial intelligence that uses deep neural nets — brain like algorithms that analyze images in multiple steps — to process, categorize, and label natural images

52
Q

What is the process of deep learning?

A

1st stage process the raw image, while subsequent layers extract more abstract features that make recognition more robust across image changes and noise. The final layer, or output, can be a categorization label, allowing the algorithm to name a cat image as a cat

53
Q

Ventral cortex

A

Is more active when asked to focus on objects

54
Q

Dorsal cortex

A

More active when performing a location task on similar types of stimuli

55
Q

Perception pathway

A

Allows us to determine what is located where

56
Q

Action pathway

A

Uses perceptual information to guide ongoing actions

57
Q

Mental imagery

A

The act of forming a percept in mind without sensory input

58
Q

Aphantasia

A

the inability to engage in mental imagery

59
Q

Mental rotation

A

Mental imagery is important for this; it compares and rotates images. In the time it takes to mentally rotate and match two objects is directly proportional to the amount of rotation that separates the objects

60
Q

What are the two explantations for mental imagery?

A
  1. Kosslyn’s depictive view
  2. Pylyshyn’s propositional view
61
Q

Depictive mental imagery

A

Suggests the brain represents mental images like it represents real images coming through the eyes

62
Q

Propositional Mental Imagery

A

Suggests that mental images are held in post-perceptual, abstract way, more like a linguistic description than a picture.

63
Q

Mental scanning

A

The process of mentally moving from one point in an image to another

64
Q

Epiphenomenon

A

(Pylyshyn) something that occurs together with a process of interest but is not central for its function

65
Q

Topographic

A

Items adjacent in visual space are represented by neurons that are close to each other in the cortex; the occipital cortex is like a map that reveals activity in the visual world

66
Q

Spatial neglect

A

People who cannot visually attend to objects on one side of their visual field

PSY 255 (11 decks)

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