Chapter 5 The Nervous, Muscular, and Skeletal systems Flashcards
Human movement system (HMS)
The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.
Kinetic chain
A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.
Nervous system
A network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body.
Neuron
Specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system made of 3 parts cell body, axon, and dendrites..
(The nervous system is one of the main organ systems of the body and consists of a network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body (Karemaker, 2017))
Nucleus
Cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes.
Organelles
Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. (Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum.)
Mitochondria
The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell.
Effector sites
A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response.
Electrolytes
Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
the two interdependent divisions of the nervous system:
the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS)
A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.
Afferent pathway
Sensory pathway that relays information TO the central nervous system.
Efferent pathway
A motor pathway that relays information FROM the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
Interneurons
Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons.
Mechanoreceptors
Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves. (Mechanoreceptors arguably relate most to the science of human movement, making them the most important for fitness professionals to understand.)
Somatic nervous system
Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.
Autonomic nervous system
A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).
Sympathetic nervous system
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.
Parasympathetic nervous system
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.
The three primary functions of the nervous system include
sensory, integrative, and motor functions
Sensory function
Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.
Proprioception
The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.
Integrative function
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response.
Motor function
The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information.
Muscle spindles
Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Stretch reflex
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.
Golgi tendon organ (GTO)
sensory receptor where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.
Joint receptors
Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.
Neuroplasticity
The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span.
Neurocircuitry
The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
Motor skills
Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems.
The development of motor skills is best under-stood as a three-stage process
Cognitive/ Associative/ Autonomous
Stage 1 (cognitive): The client is just learning a skill. They understand the goals of the skill and develop movement strategies and can perform the skill but with inconsistent performance.
Stage 2 (associative): The client begins to understand the skill. Through practice, they refine the skill and movement strategy and can perform the skill with less error.
Stage 3 (autonomous): The client has mastered the skill. They perform the skill consistently with no error and independently modify the skill without error.
Osteoporosis
A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture.
The skeleton is divided into two parts:
the axial and appendicular skeletal systems.
Axial skeleton (80 bones)
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.
Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle.
Remodeling
The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure.
Osteoclasts
Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.
Osteoblasts
Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.
The majority of bones have surface markings which do what? what are the 2 types?
to increase stability in joints and provde attachment sites for muscles.
the 2 types are depressions and processes
What are the five major types of bones in the skeletal system
: long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid
(Bone) Depressions
are flattened or indented portions of the bone
(Bone) Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach.
like the verterbra
Vertebral column (& 3 regions)
Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral (lumbar and sacral) regions.
Cervical C1-C7
Thoraic T1 - T12
Lumbar L1- L5 support most of the white
Sacrum - triangular bone below lumbar spine. 5 vertebrae that fuse as body grows
Coccyx 3-5 small fused bones
Spinal cord
Bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae.
Use the “breakfast, lunch, and dinner” analogy to help remember structures of the spine:
Breakfast at 7:00 a.m. = 7 cervical vertebrae at the neck
Lunch at 12:00 p.m. = 12 thoracic vertebrae at the mid-back
Dinner at 5:00 p.m. = 5 lumbar vertebrae at the low-back
Intervertebral discs
Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement.
(In addition to allowing humans to stand upright and maintain their balance, the vertebral column serves several other important functions. It helps support the head and arms while permitting freedom of movement. It also provides attachment sites for many muscles, the ribs, and connective tissue (Galbusera & Bassani, 2019).)
Neutral Spine
Is optimal & Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement.
Sacrum
composed of 5 verterbrae that fuse together as the body develops
Coccyx
Composed of 3 to 5 small, fused bones
There are two ways to describe the movement of (ioints)skeletal components.
Osteokinematics is the description of bone movement (e.g., flexion and extension), while arthrokinematics is the description of joint movement (i.e., the interaction between two bone surfaces)
Osteokinematics
Movement of a limb that is visible.
Arthrokinematics (ar-throw-kee-nee-matics) and the 3 types
The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.
In a rolling joint movement, one joint rolls across the surface of another much like the tire of a bicycle rolls on the street.
In a sliding movement, one joint’s surface slides across another much like the tire of a bicycle skidding across the street
In a spinning movement, one joint surface rotates on another much like twisting the lid off a jar
Synovial joints
A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule. most common to human movement.
They comprise approximately 80% of all the joints in the body and have the greatest capacity for motion. Synovial joints all have a synovial capsule (a collagenous structure surrounding the entire joint), a synovial membrane (the inner layer of the capsule), and cartilage that pads the ends of the articulating
Nonaxial (non-gliding)
A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.
joints between carpal bones of the wrist
uniaxial joint
The hinge joint is a uniaxial joint allowing movement predominantly in one direction. Joints such as the elbow, interphalangeal (toe), and ankle are considered hinge joints
Nonsynovial joints
Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.
Ligament
A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.
and provide static and dynamic stability, as well as sensory input to the nervous system that aids proprioception Ligaments are primarily made up of a protein called collagen with varying amounts of a second protein called elastin
Collagen
A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.
Elastin
A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.
Growth plate
A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.
Skeletal muscle
connects to bone, generates force
The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement. There are multiple layers
Fascia (in skeletal musal)
Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones.
Epimysium (eh-puh-mee-see-um)
Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the “deep fascia.”
Fascicles (fah·suh·klz)
Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle. Fascicles are surrounded by perimysium.
Perimysium (peh·ree·mai·see·uhm)
Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle.
Endomysium (en·dow·mai·zee·uhm)
Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle.
Tendons
connect muscles to bones. Commonly discussed tendons include the Achilles tendon at the ankle and the patellar tendon of the knee. When a tendon is overstretched or torn, this is known as a strain.
Ligaments
connect bones to bones. A commonly discussed ligament is the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee that connects the tibia to the femur. When a ligament is overstretched or torn, it is known as a sprain.
Glycogen
Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.
Myofibrils
The contractile components of a muscle cell; made up of myofilaments
Myofilaments
The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin.
Sarcomere
The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.
Actin
The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.
Myosin
The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.
Z-line
The meeting point of each sarcomere.
power stroke
The overlapping action of the actin and myosin filaments is called the power stroke, which uses the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to provide energy to the myosin heads.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body.
Type I muscle fibers
Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue. “Red Fibers”
Type II muscle fibers
Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue. “White fibers”
All-or-nothing principle
Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all.
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues.
