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NASM CPT7 > Chapter 5: The nervous, muscular and skeletal system > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The nervous, muscular and skeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q

Human movement system (HMS)

A

Collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal and nervous systm

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2
Q

Kinetic chain

A

Concept that describes the human body as a cain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement

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3
Q

Nervous system

A

Network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body

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4
Q

Neuron

A

Specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

Cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material in the from of chromosoms

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6
Q

Organelles

A

Cellular structures that perform specific functions within the cell. Eg. nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, ER

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell

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8
Q

Effector sites

A

A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response

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9
Q

Electrolytes

A

Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses through the body such as sodium, potassium and magnesium

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10
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the CNS

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12
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Sensory pathway that relays information to the CNS

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13
Q

Efferent pathway

A

Motor pathway that relays information from the CNS to the rest of the body

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14
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons located in the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons

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15
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical force within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves

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16
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible fir the voluntary control of movement

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17
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body eg blood circulation, digestion

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18
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state (fight or flight)

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19
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state (rest and digest)

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20
Q

Sensory function

A

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

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21
Q

Proprioception

A

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts

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22
Q

Integrative function

A

The ability of the NS to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response

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23
Q

Motor function

A

The neuromuscular response to the integrated sensory information

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24
Q

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

A

Specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change

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25
Q

Joint receptors

A

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration and deceleration of the joint

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26
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Concept that the braun will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span

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27
Q

Neurocircuitry

A

Interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord

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28
Q

Motor skills

A

Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motors subsystem

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29
Q

Skeletal system

A

Bones of the body

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30
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bon fracture

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31
Q

Joints

A

The site where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction

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32
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, rib cage, and the ventrebal column

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33
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvis girdle

34
Q

Levers

A

Rigid rods where muscles attach

35
Q

Remodeling

A

Process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of bone structure

36
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells that break down and remove old bone tissue

37
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells that form and lay down new bone tissue

38
Q

Wolff’s law

A

Scientific explanation of how remodeling occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone

39
Q

Depressions

A

Flattened or indented portions of the bone

40
Q

Processes

A

Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach

41
Q

Vertebral column

A

Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral regions

42
Q

Spinal cord

A

Bundle of nerves housed within the vertrebrae

43
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement

44
Q

Neutral spine

A

Represents the position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement

45
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Movement of a limb that is visible

46
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Description of joint surface movement; consistent of three major types: roll, slide or glide and spin

47
Q

Synovial joints

A

A joint with a liquid-filled joint capsule

48
Q

Nonaxial

A

A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side

49
Q

Nonsynovial joints

A

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue or cartilage in the uniting structure

50
Q

Ligament

A

Fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone

51
Q

Collagen

A

Protein found in connective tissue, muscle, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body

52
Q

Elastin

A

Protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments and other structures

53
Q

Growth plate

A

Specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth

54
Q

Fascia

A

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones

55
Q

Epimysium

A

Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the deep fascia

56
Q

Fascicles

A

Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle. Fascicles are surrounded by perimysium

57
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle

58
Q

Endomysium

A

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers with a fascicle

59
Q

Glycogen

A

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissue, such as the liver and muscle cells; storage form of carbohydrates

60
Q

Myoglobin

A

Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscle

61
Q

Myifibrils

A

Contractile components of the muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril

62
Q

Myofilaments

A

Filaments of a myofibril, including actin and myosin

63
Q

Actin

A

Thin, stringlike myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction

64
Q

Myosin

A

Thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction

65
Q

Sarcomere

A

Structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines

66
Q

Z-line

A

Meeting point of each sarcomere

67
Q

Neural activation

A

NS signal that tells a muscle to contract

68
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Site where the NS communicates directly with muscle fibers

69
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between motor neuron and muscle cell

70
Q

Motor unit

A

Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates

71
Q

Action potential

A

Nerve impulse that is relayed from the CNS, though the PNS and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction

72
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messenger that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission

73
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Neurotransmitter that helps the action potential to cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction

74
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

Series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin and action filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere

75
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling

A

Physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction

76
Q

Power stroke

A

The myosin heads bin to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filaments past each other, shortening the muscle

77
Q

Adenosine triphosphate

A

high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body, known as the energy currency of the body

78
Q

Resting length

A

Length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched

79
Q

Typen I (slow twitch) muscle fibers

A

Fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue

80
Q

Type II muscle fibers

A

Fibers that are larger ins size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue

81
Q

All-or-nothing principle

A

Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all

82
Q

Capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissue

NASM CPT7 (22 decks)

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