Chapter 23: Chronic health conditions and special populations

Question 1

Mortality

Answer 1

A state or a risk of death or dying.

Question 2

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 2

A general term that refers to the hardening and loss of elasticity of arteries.

Question 3

Atherosclerosis

Answer 3

The processes by which plaque is formed in arteries leading to reduced blood flow.

Question 4

Proprioception

Answer 4

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

Question 5

Physical activity readiness questionnaire (PAR-Q)

Answer 5

A detailed questionnaire designed to assess an individual’s physical readiness to engage in structured exercise.

Question 6

Valsalva maneuver

Answer 6

A process that involves expiring against a closed windpipe, creating additional intra-abdominal pressure and spinal stability.

Question 7

Obesity

Answer 7

A complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat; classified by a body mass index of 30 or greater.

Question 8

Overweight

Answer 8

A body weight greater than what is considered within normal standards; a body mass index of 25.0 to 29.9.

Question 9

Adherence

Answer 9

The level of commitment to a behavior or plan of action.

Question 10

Diabetes

Answer 10

Chronic metabolic disorder, caused by insulin deficiency, which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhances usage of fat and protein.

Question 11

Hyperglycemia

Answer 11

High blood sugar; the state of elevated glucose in the bloodstream.

Question 12

Hypoglycemia

Answer 12

Low blood sugar; the state of deficient glucose in the bloodstream.

Question 13

Hypertension

Answer 13

Consistently elevated blood pressure.

Question 14

Stroke

Answer 14

A sudden lack of blood supply to the brain, caused by either a blockage in an artery or ruptured blood vessel.

Question 15

Heart failure

Answer 15

A condition in which the heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.

Question 16

Kidney failure

Answer 16

A sudden condition in which the kidneys cannot sufficiently filter waste from the blood and leads to renal failure.

Question 17

Osteopenia

Answer 17

Lower than normal bone density and a precursor to osteoporosis.

Question 18

Osteoporosis

Answer 18

A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture.

Question 19

Arthritis

Answer 19

Chronic inflammation of the joints.

Question 20

Osteoarthritis

Answer 20

Caused by degeneration of cartilage within joints.

Question 21

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 21

A degenerative joint disease in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissue.

Question 22

Atrophy

Answer 22

The wasting away or decrease in size of body tissue.

Question 23

Cancer

Answer 23

A group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

Question 24

Restrictive lung disease

Answer 24

The condition of a fibrous lung tissue, which results in a decreased ability to expand the lungs.

Question 25

Chronic obstructive lung disease

Answer 25

The condition of altered airflow through the lungs, generally caused by airway obstruction as a result of mucus production.

Question 26

Dyspnea

Answer 26

Shortness of breath or labored breathing.

Question 27

Intermittent claudication

Answer 27

The manifestation of the symptoms caused by peripheral arterial disease.

Question 28

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

Answer 28

A group of diseases in which blood vessels become restricted or blocked, typically as a result of atherosclerosis; also referred to as peripheral vascular disease.