Chapter 11: Health, Wellness and Fitness Assessment

Question 1

Mortality

Answer 1

A state or a risk of death or dying.

Question 2

Morbidity

Answer 2

The state of having a disease.

Question 3

Deconditioned

Answer 3

A state of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability.

Question 4

HIIT

Answer 4

An exercise training method defined by intervals of near-maximal intensity broken up by relatively short rest periods.

Question 5

Health risk assessment (HRA)

Answer 5

A screening tool used to evaluate the benefits and the risks associated with starting any type of exercise that is strenuous in nature.

Question 6

Contraindication

Answer 6

A specific situation where a medication, procedure, or exercise should be avoided because it may prove to be harmful to the individual.

Question 7

Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q+)

Answer 7

A detailed questionnaire designed to assess an individual’s physical readiness to engage in structured exercise.

Question 8

False-negative screenings

Answer 8

A screening where the results of the health risk assessment might indicate a need for medical clearance, when one is in fact not needed.

Question 9

Health history questionnaire (HHQ)

Answer 9

A questionnaire with lists of questions that pertain to health history and habits, such as exercise history, eating behaviors, and general lifestyle.

Question 10

Resting heart rate (RHR)

Answer 10

The number of heart beats per minute while at complete rest.

Question 11

Thermoregulation

Answer 11

The physiological process by which the body maintains a relatively constant internal body temperature, including events like sweating to cool the body and shivering to warm the body.

Question 12

Peripheral vasodilation

Answer 12

The action of expanding the diameter of a blood vessel near the surface of the skin, which helps remove heat from the body.

Question 13

Heart rate (HR)

Answer 13

The measurement of the number of times a heart beats within a specified time period (usually 1 minute).

Question 14

Blood pressure (BP)

Answer 14

The outward pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls; reported as systolic/diastolic.

Question 15

Systolic blood pressure (SBP)

Answer 15

The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is contracting; the first (top) number recorded.

Question 16

Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

Answer 16

The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when heart is at rest or between beats; the second (bottom) number recorded.

Question 17

Arterial system

Answer 17

The system of arteries carrying blood away from the heart.

Question 18

Brachial artery

Answer 18

The primary artery of the upper arm, which is often used as a site for measuring blood pressure.

Question 19

Anthropometry

Answer 19

The field of study of the measurement of living humans for purposes of understanding human physical variation in size, weight, and proportion.

Question 20

Body mass index

Answer 20

The measurement of a person’s weight relative to his or her height, which is used to estimate the risks of obesity.

Question 21

Circumference measurement

Answer 21

The measurement that determines the overall dimension (girth) of a body segment, which can be used to estimate body composition or the prevalence of obesity.

Question 22

Waist circumference

Answer 22

A measurement that represents the narrowest circumference taken around the midline of the body at the approximate height of the umbilicus (belly button).

Question 23

Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)

Answer 23

The relative score expressing the ratio of the waist circumference to the hip circumference, which correlates to the risk for developing cardiovascular disease.

Question 24

Gluteal fold

Answer 24

The area where the fold of the buttocks joins the back of the thigh.

Question 25

Skinfold measurements

Answer 25

A technique used to estimate body fat in which calipers are used to pinch the skin in certain areas of the body.

Question 26

Jackson and Pollock 7-Site protocol

Answer 26

Measures the thickness of skinfolds at seven different places within the body to estimate body fat percentage.

Question 27

Jackson and Pollock 3-Site protocol

Answer 27

Measures the thickness of skinfolds at three different places within the body to estimate body fat percentage.

Question 28

Four-site During-Womersley protocol

Answer 28

Measures the thickness of skinfolds at four different places (biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac) within the body to estimate body fat percentage.

Question 29

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

Answer 29

A body composition assessment technique that estimates body fat percentage by measuring the resistance to the flow of electrical currents introduced into the body.

Question 30

Archimedes’ principle

Answer 30

The assumption stating that the volume of fluid displaced is equivalent to the volume of an object fully immersed in that fluid or to the specific fraction of the volume below the surface.

Question 31

Cardiorespiratory fitness

Answer 31

The ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to provide the body with oxygen during activity.

Question 32

Cardiorespiratory assessments

Answer 32

Protocols intended to measure the aerobic fitness of an individual.

Question 33

Mitochondria

Answer 33

The part of the cell that uses nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouse of the cell.

Question 34

YMCA 3-minute step test

Answer 34

An aerobic test that measures the cardiovascular fitness of an individual based on a 3-minute bout of stair-stepping at a specific cadence.

Question 35

Recovery heart rate (RHR)

Answer 35

The number of heartbeats measured after exercise ceases, which provides some indication of an individual’s fitness level (i.e., more conditioned people recover more rapidly).

Question 36

Rockport walk test

Answer 36

An aerobic test for deconditioned individuals or those of low fitness levels in which they are instructed to walk as fast as possible and have their pulse taken immediately after completing 1 mile.

Question 37

1.5-mile (2.4 km) run rest

Answer 37

An aerobic test that measures cardiorespiratory endurance by having the participant cover the distance of 1.5 miles in as short a time as possible.

Question 38

Talk test

Answer 38

An aerobic test that measures the participant’s ability to talk or hold a conversation during an activity at various intensity levels.

Question 39

Ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1)

Answer 39

The point at which the body uses an equal mix of carbohydrate and fat as fuel sources.

Question 40

Steady-state (SS) heart rate

Answer 40

Any stage at which the physiological response of heart rate from the cardiovascular system becomes relatively constant in relation to the amount of work being performed (i.e., the heart rate response matches the level of work being performed).

Question 41

Ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2)

Answer 41

The point where glucose provides nearly all of the energy for the activity.

Question 42

Anaerobic energy systems

Answer 42

Energy systems used to perform work in which glycogen is converted to glucose and oxygen is insufficient to break down pyruvate and create adenosine triphosphate.