Chapter 10: Supplementation Flashcards
Dietary supplement
A product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: vitamin; mineral; herb or other botanical; amino acid; substance used by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake; or concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any previously described ingredient.
Essential nutrient
Must be obtained in the diet, as the body is incapable of producing the nutrient on its own.
Toxicity
When too much of a vitamin or mineral accumulates within the body, resulting in illness or other symptoms.
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994
The primary legislation of the U.S. government regulating dietary supplements.
Code of Federal Regulations
Describes the laws and regulations for dietary supplements, including how supplements are labeled, manufactured, and brought to or removed from market.
Tolerable upper limit
The greatest quantity of a vitamin or mineral that may be consumed in a day without risk of an adverse health effect.
Adverse effect
Any unfavorable medical occurrence associated with the use of a medication, medical intervention, or dietary supplement.
Stimulant
An agent that increases physiologic or metabolic activity. Common stimulants include caffeine and nicotine.
Creatine
Molecule made from amino acids and used as a dietary supplement to facilitate adenosine triphosphate regeneration for improved training capacity, strength, power, and muscle mass.
Banned
A dietary supplement that may be prohibited from use in a specific sport or sport league. These supplements may not be illegal or prohibited at all times during the year.
Anabolic steroid
Compound made from testosterone or another hormone that acts on hormone receptors to produce increases in muscle size or strength.
Active ingredient
Any component of a dietary supplement included for the purpose of causing a physiologic effect; displayed on the main body of the supplement facts panel.
Other ingredients
Any component of a dietary supplement included for taste, bulk, or as a preservative; displayed beneath the main body of the supplement facts panel.
Supplement facts panel
Portion of a dietary supplement’s label that displays the active ingredients, other ingredients, serving size, number of servings, quantity of ingredients, and the percent daily value.
Daily value (DV)
Amount of a nutrient recommended to be consumed each day to maintain good health. Based on a 2,000-calorie diet for those ages 4 years and older.
Health supplement
A dietary supplement used to improve a component of well-being.
Performance supplement
A dietary supplement that may enhance performance or body composition; may also be referred to as an ergogenic aid.
Vitamins
Group of organic compounds required in small quantities in the diet to support growth and metabolic processes.
Minerals
Inorganic, natural substances, some of which are essential in human nutrition. There are two kinds of minerals: major minerals (aka, macrominerals) and trace minerals.
Biologically active
The form in which a vitamin must be to exert an effect within the body.
Biologically inactive
Any form of vitamin that cannot exert its effect within the body.
Beta-carotene
The red-orange pigment found in vegetables and fruits that is converted to vitamin A in the body.
Lactose intolerance
A sensitivity to lactose (milk sugar) typically resulting in gastrointestinal distress.
Irritable bowel syndrome
Gastrointestinal discomfort, sometimes severe, triggered by certain foods but is not a food allergy.
Rickets
A bone weakness disease caused by vitamin D deficiency.
Osteoporosis
A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture.
Heart arrhythmias
Irregular heartbeat.
Platelet aggregation
An accumulation of blood cells prior to a clot.
Immunodeficiency
A weakened immune system.
Peripheral neuropathy
Nerve damage not occurring in the brain or spinal cord.
Skeletal myopathy
Muscle degeneration.
Collagen
A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.
Scurvy
A disease resulting from insufficient vitamin C and characterized by spontaneous bleeding (usually of the gums), anemia, swelling, weakened joints, and loss of teeth.
Beriberi
A thiamine deficiency that can result in inflammation or degeneration of the heart and nerves, peripheral neuropathy, and impaired motor function.
Pellagra
A niacin or tryptophan deficiency that leads to a skin rash (dermatitis), digestive disorders (diarrhea), and mood or cognitive decline (dementia).
Anorexia
A loss of appetite or the conscious decision to avoid eating, often leading to dangerously low body weight and/or malnourishment.
Anemia
A condition of poor iron status.
Dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin, rashes, excessive dryness, and/or blistering.
Spina bifida
A birth defect, and type of neural tube defect, when the spine and spinal cord do not form properly.
Amenorrheic
Absence of menstruation.
Osteopenia
Lower than normal bone density and a precursor to osteoporosis.
Lacto-ovo vegetarian
A vegetarian diet that also includes dairy and eggs.
Ovo-vegetarian
A vegetarian diet that also includes eggs.
Hypercalcemia
Excess blood calcium levels.
Heme
A type of iron found in animal foods.
Nonheme
A type of iron found in plant foods.
Hemochromatosis
A disease in which the body absorbs too much iron from consumed foods.
Omega-3
The polyunsaturated fats, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA).
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
A type of omega-3 fatty acid found in the flesh of cold-water fish, such as tuna, mackerel, salmon, and herring.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
A type of omega-3 fatty acid that is found in seafood, such as fish and fish oils.
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
One type of omega-3 fatty acid found in seeds and oils, such as walnuts and flaxseed, and many common vegetable oils.
Triglycerides
The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body.
Ergogenic aid
A dietary supplement that may enhance performance or body composition; it may also be referred to as a performance supplement.
Amino acids
Organic building blocks of proteins containing both a carboxyl and an amino group.
Nonessential amino acids
Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet.
Essential amino acids (EAA)
Amino acid that must be obtained through the diet as the body does not make it; there are nine essential amino acids.
Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs)
The three essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) that are abundant in skeletal muscle tissue and named for their branchlike structures.
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS)
Process by which new muscle proteins are formed and a muscle grows or repairs at the molecular level.
Phosphagen
High-energy molecule that releases energy when its bonds are broken.
Creatine monohydrate
The most common, and likely most effective, form of creatine available as a dietary supplement.
Loading
Practice of using large doses of a supplement to saturate muscle tissues or other body stores prior to resorting to a lesser, maintenance dose.
Endogenous
Produced or synthesized within an organism.
Adrenaline
Hormone, also known as epinephrine, that excites bodily processes, increasing alertness and cell metabolism.
Caffeine anhydrous
A highly concentrated caffeine powder made from the seeds and leaves of coffee plants.
DMAA
Dimethylamylamine; a stimulant and amphetamine once legal for use as a dietary supplement.
Ephedra
A plant-sourced alkaloid with metabolism-enhancing effects. It is an illegal supplement in the United States and the European Union.
Serious adverse effect
Any adverse effect that results in any life-threatening situation, inpatient hospitalization, persistent incapacity of a person’s ability to conduct a normal life, a congenital anomaly, reproductive harm, or death.
Hormone precursor
A hormone used to create another hormone or hormone-like agent.
Testosterone
A hormone producing secondary male sex characteristics.
Gynecomastia
A condition in males characterized by breast tissue growth.
