Chapter 5: The Neo-Freudians Flashcards
1
Q
neo-freudian theories
A
elaborations of Freud’s theory
2
Q
similarities between Freud’s theory and Neo-Freudian theories
A
- Most retain that the unconscious is a key determinant of behaviour
- Most agree about the impact of early childhood experiences on personality development
- Most accept defence mechanisms and dream interpretation
3
Q
limits of Freudian theory
A
- It seems unlikely that personality is formed almost entirely by experiences in the first 5-6 years of life
- Failed to consider sociocultural influences on personality
- Portrayed a pessimistic picture of human nature
4
Q
Alfred Adler
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Developed an approach called individual psychology
5
Q
Alfred Adler’s most important contributions
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striving for superiority, the role of parental influence on personality development, and the effects of birth order
6
Q
what is the single motivating force behind human behaviour according to Adler?
A
striving for superiority
7
Q
how does striving for superiority begin?
A
Begins with feelings of inferiority as a small, helpless child. The moment children become aware of their relative weakness marks the beginning of their lifelong struggle to overcome inferiority
8
Q
inferiority and striving for superiority
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the more inferior we see ourselves, the stronger our striving for superiority
9
Q
inferiority complex
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a belief that one is vastly inferior to everyone else
10
Q
result of the inferiority complex
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feelings of helplessness
11
Q
what is the key to personal satisfaction and positive mental health according to Adler?
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combining superiority striving with a concern for social interest
12
Q
what two parental behaviours are almost certain to lead to problems for children later in life?
A
pampering & neglect
13
Q
pampering
A
giving a child too much attention
14
Q
result of pampering
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Robs a child of independence which leads to feelings of inferiority
15
Q
neglect
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not giving a child enough attention
16
Q
result of neglect
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- They grow up cold and suspicious
- They are incapable of warm personal relationships
17
Q
first-born children
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subject to short-lived pampering, then the child is dethroned with the arrival of a second child, resulting in strong feelings of inferiority
18
Q
first-born children as adults
A
First-borns are likely to be problematic, neurotic, criminals, drunkards, or perverts
19
Q
middle-born children
A
develop an intense superiority striving because there is always another sibling demanding the parents’ time
20
Q
middle-born children as adults
A
Middle children are the highest achievers
21
Q
last-born children
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subject to pampering throughout their childhood, resulting in strong feelings of inferiority
22
Q
last-born children as adults
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Last-borns become dependent and lack personal initiative
23
Q
do studies support Adler’s account of birth order?
A
Studies do not support these findings. The overall effect of birth order on personality is extremely small and often at odds with predictions
24
Q
Carl Jung
A
Developed a school of psychology called analytic psychology
25
the collective unconscious
Consists of thoughts and images that all people possess and are difficult to bring into awareness
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what is the collective unconscious made up of?
primordial images
27
primordial images
images that have the potential to respond to the world in a certain way
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archetypes
a collective of primordial images
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what are the three important archetypes according to Jung?
anima, animus, and shadow
30
Anima
the feminine side of the male
31
animus
the masculine side of the female
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function of the anima and animus
serve to guide the selection of a romantic partner and the direction of the subsequent relationship. Men look for women that reflect their anima and women look for men that reflect their animus
33
shadow
contains the unconscious part of ourselves that is essentially negative. it is made up of primitive animal instincts
34
evidence for the collective unconscious
Jung’s evidence for the collective unconscious consisted of data from sources like mythology, cultural symbols, dreams, and the statements of schizophrenics
35
criticisms of Jung's theory
it is difficult to evaluate with scientific methods
36
Erik Erikson
developped an approach called ego personality
37
Erikson on the ego
Argued that the ego is a relatively powerful part of the personality, which establishes and maintains a sense of identity
38
identity crisis
the confusion and despair we feel when we lack a strong sense of who we are
39
personality development through the life cycle (Erikson)
Erikson argued that personality development continues throughout a person’s lifetime, ending in old adulthood
40
8 stages for personality development
1. infancy: trust vs. mistrust
2. toddler: autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3. early childhood: initative vs. guilt
4. elementary school age: industry vs. inferiority
5. adolescence: identity vs. role confusion
6. young adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation
7. adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation
8. old age: ego integrity vs. despair
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crises
turning points in personality development
42
when do crises occur?
at each of the 8 stages of personality development
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resolving crises
How we resolve crises determines the direction of our personality development and how we resolve future crises
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trust vs. mistrust
- Children whose needs are met develop a sense of basic trust
- Children whose needs aren’t met develop a sense of basic mistrust
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autonomy vs. shame & doubt
- Children who are allowed to manipulate and influence the world around them develop a sense of autonomy
- Children who are allowed to manipulate and influence the world around them develop a sense of shame and doubt
46
initiative vs. guilt
- Children who seek out playmates and learn to organize games and activities develop a sense of initiative
- Children who fail to develop initiative develop feelings of guilt and resignation
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industry vs. inferiority
- Children who experience success lead to industry
- Children who experience failure lead to feelings of inferiority
48
identity vs. role confusion
- Teens who make decisions about personal values and understand who they are develop a sense of identity
- Those who fail to develop a sense of identity experience role confusion
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intimacy vs. isolation
- Those who find a relationship develop intimacy and grow emotionally
- Those who fail to develop intimacy face emotional isolation
50
generativity vs. stagnation
- People who find their lives enriched by the influence they have on children find a sense of generativity
- Those who fail to develop generativity suffer from a sense of stagnation
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stagnation
a feeling of emptiness and questioning one’s purpose in life
52
ego integrity vs. despair
- People who look back on their lives with satisfaction pass through the final development stage with ego integrity
- Those who fail to develop this sense of integrity fall into despair
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Karen Horney
- Did not accept Freud’s views concerning women
- Gave rise to her views on neurosis and feminine psychology
54
neurosis
a destructive interpersonal style
55
entrapment of people with neurosis
All neuronic people are trapped in a self-defeating interpersonal style. The way they interact with others prevents them from developing the social contact they unconsciously crave
56
Freud on neurosis
neurosis can be explained by fixated energy and unconscious battles between various aspects of the personality
57
Horney on neurosis
neurosis can be explained by disturbed interpersonal relationships during childhood. Children who grow up in homes that foster anxiety become adults who fear interacting with people. Their destructive interpersonal style is a defence mechanism intended to ward off feelings of anxiety
58
moving towards people
emphasizing helplessness and dependency to garner sympathy from others, providing temporary relief from anxiety
59
moving against people
exploiting other people to compensate for feelings of inadequacy and anxiety. charcaterized by externalization
60
externalization
responding to the perception that others are hostile by doing unto others as they have done to them
61
womb envy
men’s envy of women’s ability to bear and nurse children
62
how do men react to womb envy?
they compensate for this through achievements in other domains
63
why do some women wish they were men according to Horney?
women wished they were men because of the cultural burdens placed on women, not inherent inferiorities
64
strengths of neo-freudian theories
- Elaborated on important concepts Freud had ignored (ex. The role of social factors & Freud’s overly pessimistic view)
- Introduced many new concepts into the psychological literature
- Influenced later theorists and psychotherapists
65
criticisms of neo-freudian theories
- Supported by questionable evidence
- They often oversimplified or ignored important concepts
66
what did Adler believe was the goal of development?
to produce a child that integrates well into society
67
Adler's life
- His childhood was marked by illness, awareness of death, and intense jealousy of his older brother
- He had feelings of inferiority
- He compensated for weakness through persistence
68
Adler vs. Freud on the mind
Adler: the mind is an integrated whole
Freud: the mind consists of warring factions (id, ego, superego)
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Adler vs. Freud on consciousness
Adler: emphasized the conscious mind
Freud: emphasized the unconscious mind
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Adler vs. Freud on future goals
Adler: future goals are an important source of motivation
Freud: future goals are unimportant
71
Adler vs. Freud on human nature
Adler: optimistic about human existence
Freud: pessimistic about human nature
72
Adler vs. Freud on dreams
Adler: dreams are important to learn about lifestyles
Freud: dreams are analyzed to determine the contents of the unconscious mind
73
Adler vs. Freud on the determinants of personality
Adler: humans are free to determine their own personality
Freud: personality is determined by heredity and environmental factors
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Adler vs. Freud on sex
Adler: minimized the importance of sex
Freud: maximized the importance of sex
75
Adler vs. Freud on the goal of therapy
Adler: the goal of therapy is to encourage a lifestyle that includes social interest
Freud: the goal of therapy is to discover repressed early thoughts
76
what leads to an inferiority complex?
excessive feelings of inferiority
77
how do we develop the desire to strive for superiority, according to Adler?
it's innate
78
what kind of theory is striving for superiority?
future-oriented
79
fictional finalism
- imagined or potential fictional goals
- determinants of lifestyle
80
lifestyle
- the personality structure
- Established very young
- People use different means to reach the same goal
81
social interest
people’s innate ability to socialize
82
striving process
based on a unique feeling of inferiority that develops early on in life
83
maladjustment
- feeling too inferior
- Social interest is not sufficiently developed
- Striving for goals that will make you feel better than everyone
- At odds with being social
84
adler on the drive to suceed
The drive to accomplish and succeed is healthy
85
what happens when we are overwhelmed by feelings of inferiority?
- Inferiority complex
- Neurosis
86
how does an inferiority complex develop?
Develops when a person is unable to compensate for normal inferiority feelings
87
superiority complex
characterized by being boastful, self-centred, and denigrating others
88
how does a superiority complex develop?
when a person overcompensates for normal inferiority feelings
89
causes of inferiority complexes
- Organic inferiority
- Spoiling/ pampering
- neglecting
90
style of life
Unique character structures or patterns of behaviour
91
how is the style of life developed?
it is influenced by social interactions
92
four types of lifestyles
- ruling-dominant type (RD)
- getting-learning type (GL)
- avoiding type
- socially useful type
93
Ruling-dominant type
people who want to dominate others, regardless of how it might impact others (attacking)
94
Getting-learning type
people who expect things from others, and will even exploit and manipulate to get their way (dependent)
95
Avoiding type
people who believe that success is achieved by avoiding failure (ignores problems)
96
Socially useful type
people who are cooperative
97
what type of lifestyle is desired?
socially useful
98
Where do Faulty Lifestyles Come From?
- Physical inferiority
- Spoiling and pampering
- Neglect
99
safeguarding strategies
Adler's equivalent of Freud’s defence mechanisms
100
who uses safeguarding strategies according to Adler?
people who are on a healthy path don’t use safeguarding strategies
101
types of safeguarding strategies
- Excuses
- Aggression (3 forms)
- Accusation
- Blaming others for shortcomings
- Self-accusation
- Distancing (3 forms)
102
3 forms of aggression
- depreciation
- idealization
- solicitude
103
depreciation
bringing another person down
104
idealization
using unrealistically high standards to judge others
105
solicitude
treating others as if they are incapable of caring for themselves
106
What belief influenced Carl Jung's theories
his belief in the paranormal
107
personal unconscious
reservoir for material that was once conscious
108
Jung's personal unconscious is similar to Freud's
preconscious
109
complexes
patterns of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme
110
are complexes conscious?
they can be conscious or unconscious
111
the collective unconscious is part of _____
the unconscious mind
112
persona archetype
public face or role presentented to others
113
what is the goal of therapy for Jung?
to uncover the shadow archetype
114
Jung's shadow is similar to Freud's ______
primordial instincts
115
self archetype
unity, integration, and harmony of the total personality
116
three types of motivations behind archetypes
archetypes are either ego, self. or soul-driven
117
ego-driven archetypes
driven by the conscious world
118
self-driven archetypes
driven by the unification of the conscious and the subconscious worlds
119
soul-driven archetypes
driven by the unconscious world
120
ego (Jung)
- Conscious aspects of the psyche
- Involves thinking, feeling, and remembering
- Selective about what is admitted into awareness
121
2 attitudes of the psyche (Jung)
extraversion & intraversion
122
extraversion
orientation toward the external world and others
123
introversion
orientation toward one’s own thoughts and feelings
124
Jung's psychological functions
Ways of perceiving a person’s external and internal world
125
4 types of psychological functions
sensing
thinking
feeling
intuiting
126
what types of psychological functions are rational?
thinking & feeling
127
what types of psychological functions are irrational?
sensing & intuiting
128
sensing (psychological function)
detects the presence of objects. It indicates that something is there, but not what it is
129
thinking (psychological function)
tells us what an object is. It gives names to objects that are sensed
130
feeling (psychological function)
determines what an object is worth to the person. Pertaining to liking and disliking
131
intuiting (psychological function)
provides hunches when factual information is not available
132
Jung's psychological types
Combines attitudes of the psyche with psychological functions
133
8 psychological types (Jung)
- extraverted thinking
- extraverted feeling
- extraverted sensing
- extraverted intuiting
- introverted thinking
- introverted feeling
- introverted sensing
- introverted intuiting
134
individuation (Jung)
The integration of all conscious and unconscious facets of personality
135
aim of individuation
reaching fulfillment and trascendence
136
steps of individuation
1. Confront the unconscious
2. Dethrone the persona
3. Accept the dark side
4. Accept the anima and animus
5. Transcend
137
Jung's aspecst of personality (summary)
- Ego
- Attitudes
- Psychological functions
- Psychological types
- Personal unconscious
- Complexes
- The collective unconscious
- Archetypes
138
Horney's disagreement with Freud
- Horney disagreed with Freud’s notions of the Oedipal complex and his division of the mind into id, ego, and superego
- Horney thought that Freud’s theory reflected a different country and time, so problems that people experience must be culturally, not biologiclaly determined
- Sexual problems are secondary to jobs, food, and medical care
139
childhood need for safety (Horney)
If a child’s need for safety is undermined, they will experience psychological problems
140
strength of womb envy vs. penis envy
Claimed that womb envy was stronger than penis envy because men depricate women more than the other way around
141
Horney's childhood need for safety is similar to ____
Adler's stiving for superiority
142
how can the need for safety be undermined?
- Ridicule and humiliation
- Isolation of a child from peers
143
when does helplessness increase (Horney)?
Infants’ helplessness increases when they are kept in an excessively dependent state
144
Reasons for a child to repress hostility towards parents (Horney)
punishment, love, and guilt
145
basic evil
anything that parents do that undermines a child’s security
146
basic hostility
feeling generated in a child if needs for safety and satisfaction are not consistently and lovingly satisfied by parents
147
basic anxiety
- It is the general feeling that everyone in the world is potentially dangerous
- The foundation of neurosis
- Exists when basic hostility is repressed
148
self-protective mechanisms
- motivate a person to seek security and resistance
- are powerful and intense
149
what does basic anxiety cause
feelings of helplessness & loneliness
150
neurotic needs (Horney)
10 strategies for minimizing basic anxiety
151
who has neurotic needs?
Everyone has these needs and attempts to satisfy them, but a neurotic person makes one need the focal point in life
152
what are the 10 neurotic needs?
- affection and approval
- dominant partner
- power
- exploitation
- prestige
- admiration
- acheivement
- self-sufficiency
- perfection
- narrow limits to life
153
3 neurotic trends
1. movement toward people
2. movement against people
3. movement away from people
154
moving away from people
emphasizing privacy and self-sufficiency to provide relief from anxiety and save oneself from the potential pain of emotional experiences
155
what kind of approach did Erikson use?
a psycho-social approach
156
autonomy
allowing children to manipulate and control what they encounter
157
initiative
deciding to do something on your own
158
industry
belief in one’s strengths and abilities
159
inferiority
lack of appreciation for one’s talents and skills
160
what does moving toward people result in?
a compliant personality
161
what does moving against people result in?
an aggressive personality
162
what does moving away from people result in?
a detached personality
163
3 forms of distancing
- Moving backwards
- Creating obstacles
- No lose situations
164
personal narrative
a story of one’s life experiences
165
how are personal narratives used to study personality?
Participants are usually interviewed by a researcher, which is then recorded, transcribed, and coded by multiple judges
166
benefits of using personal narratives to study personality
- Personal narratives tend to be consistent over time
- Personal narratives are particularly useful for studying Erikson’s stages of personality development
167
the downside of using personal narratives to study personality
Personal narratives are selective presentations and are not entirely accurate
168
Erikson's theory and personal narratives
- As Erikson’s theory would predict, people told the most stories reflecting the theme of generativity vs. stagnation in middle-age
- Highly generative adults tended to provide stories in which bad situations lead to good outcomes
- Highly generative adults also told more stories containing themes about friendship, sharing, affiliation, nurturance, and being prosocial
169
what leads to physical inferiority?
Compensation
Overcompensation
Superiority complex
Inferiority complex
