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PSYC 332 > Chapter 1: Intro to Personality Theory > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Intro to Personality Theory Flashcards

1
Q

What contributes to a person’s behaviour?

A

both the situation and the person

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2
Q

main debate in personality psychology

A

how the situation influences behaviour and how behaviour reflects the individual

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3
Q

goal of personality psychologists

A

to determine what makes one person different from another

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4
Q

personality textbook definition

A

consistent behaviour patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual

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5
Q

Individual differences

A

consistent behaviour patterns

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6
Q

intrapersonal processes

A

all the emotional, motivational, and cognitive processes that go on inside of us that affect how we act and feel

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7
Q

six approaches to personality

A
  1. psychoanalytic approach
  2. trait approach
  3. biological approach
  4. humanistic approach
  5. behavioural/social learning approach
  6. cognitive approach
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8
Q

psychoanalytic approach

A

peoples’ unconscious minds are largely responsible for important differences in their behaviour styles

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9
Q

trait approach

A

identifies where a person might lie along a continuum of personality characteristics

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10
Q

biological approach

A

points to inherited predispositions and physiological processes to explain individual differences in personality

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11
Q

humanistic approach

A

identifies personal responsibility and feelings of self-acceptance as the key causes of differences in personality

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12
Q

behavioural/social learning approach

A

explains consistent behaviour patterns in terms of conditioning and expectations

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13
Q

cognitive approach

A

looks at differences in the way people process information

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14
Q

how should the 6 different approaches to personality be thought of?

A

as complementary models for understanding personality

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15
Q

how does psychoanalytic theory explain aggression?

A

points to an unconscious death instinct

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16
Q

how does the trait approach explain aggression?

A

focuses on individual differences and the stability of aggressive behaviour

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17
Q

aggression over time studies

A
  • Children who were identified as aggressive in elementary school were the most likely to have become aggressive adults
  • Children who pushed and shoved their classmates grew into adults who abused their spouses and engaged in crime
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18
Q

how does the biological approach explain aggression?

A

points to a genetic predisposition to act aggressively

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19
Q

how does the humanistic approach explain aggression?

A

argues that all people are good, but that aggression develops when something interferes with children’s natural growth process

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20
Q

how does the behavioural/social learning approach explain aggression?

A

claims that people learn to be aggressive in the same way they learn other behaviours. aggressive behaviour that is rewarded will be repeated.

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21
Q

how does the cognitive approach explain aggression?

A

focuses on the way aggressive people process information. certain cues in the environment trigger a network of aggressive thoughts and emotions.

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22
Q

how does the psychoanalytic approach explain depression?

A

points to unconscious feelings of anger and hostility

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23
Q

how does the trait approach explain depression?

A

concerned with identifying depression-prone individuals

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24
Q

depression over time studies

A
  • A person’s general emotional level today is a good indicator of their emotions in the future
  • Depression levels in 18-year-olds can be predicted by looking at their behaviour from as early as 7 years old
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25
Q

how does the biological approach explain depression?

A

points to evidence that some people may inherit a genetic susceptibility to depression

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26
Q

how does the humanistic approach explain depression?

A

explains depression in terms of low self-esteem, which is developed while growing up

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27
Q

how does the behavioural/social learning approach explain depression?

A

argues that depression occurs from a lack of positive reinforcers in one’s life

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28
Q

how does the cognitive approach explain depression?

A

argues that some people are prone to episodes of depression because of the way they process information; they use a depressive filter to interpret and process information

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29
Q

how do people and their personalities exist

A

in a cultural context

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30
Q

individualistic cultures

A

place great emphasis on individual needs and accomplishments

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31
Q

collectivist cultures

A

concerned about belonging to a larger group, such as a family, tribe or nation.

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32
Q

what concepts vary most across cultures?

A

self-esteem and achievement

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33
Q

dictionary definitions of personality

A
  • State of being a person
  • Characteristics and qualities that form a person’s distinctive character
  • The sum of a person’s physical, mental, emotional and social characteristics
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34
Q

psychological definition of personality

A

unique and relatively enduring internal and external aspects of a person’s character

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35
Q

APA definition of personality

A
  • The enduring configuration of characteristics and behaviour that comprises an individual’s unique adjustment to life, including major traits, interests, drives, values, self-concept, abilities, and emotional patterns.
  • Personality is viewed as a complex, dynamic integration or totality shaped by many forces
  • Personality helps determine behaviour.
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36
Q

what does an individual’s personality determine?

A
  • How different they are from others
  • How they behave in different situations
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37
Q

traits

A

personality characteristics determine a person’s behaviour or by which it can be explained

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38
Q

interest

A

something that is significant to the individual or arouses their attention

39
Q

drive

A

a ready state of action, motivating a person to attain a goal

40
Q

value

A

a moral principle for what is considered good or bad

41
Q

self-concept

A

one’s description of oneself

42
Q

ability

A

what someone is capable of doing

43
Q

emotional patterns

A

ways in which people react emotionally to events

44
Q

the five-factor model

A

Outlines the most important ways in which individuals differ in their enduring emotional, interpersonal, experiential, attitudinal

45
Q

what are the big 5 traits?

A

Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)

46
Q

what is the most important big 5 trait for sales performance?

A

Conscientiousness

47
Q

what big 5 traits have a positive relationship with sales?

A

Conscientiousness and openness

48
Q

what big 5 traits have a negative relationship with sales?

A

Agreeableness

49
Q

Adjectives associated with extraversion

A
  • active
  • assertive
  • energetic
  • enthusiastic
  • outgoing
  • talkative
50
Q

adjectives associated with agreeableness

A
  • appreciative
  • forgiving
  • generous
  • kind
  • sympathetic
  • trusting
51
Q

adjectives associated with conscientiousness

A
  • efficient
  • organized
  • planful
  • reliable
  • responsible
  • through
52
Q

adjectives associated with neuroticism

A
  • anxious
  • self-pitying
  • tense
  • touchy
  • unstable
  • worrying
53
Q

adjectives associated with openness to experience

A
  • artistic
  • curious
  • imaginative
  • insightful
  • original
  • wide interests
54
Q

accuracy of personality on social media

A

People generally present themselves as they are (at least as accurate as face-to-face). However, they show themselves as more emotionally stable

55
Q

what people find it easier to express themselves on social media?

A

Introverted, neurotic, lonely, and socially awkward people may find it easier to express their true selves

56
Q

what is social media associated with?

A
  • Anxiety
  • Perceived isolation
  • Low self-esteem
  • Less healthy activity
  • Disrupted concentration
  • Sleep deprivation
  • Linked to depression for those high in neuroticism, but not for those high in agreeableness
57
Q

what types of people use social media?

A

Those who use social media are more extraverted, open to new experiences, less conscientious,

58
Q

what types of people use social media excessively?

A

Those who use social media excessively have lower emotional stability, lower self-esteem, and socialization skills

59
Q

Eysenck

A

argued that introverts had high cortical arousal, leading them to avoid stimulation and extroverts had lower cortical arousal, causing them to seek out stimulating experiences

60
Q

Maslow

A

argued for the hierarchy of needs

61
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
  1. physiological needs (air, water, food, shelter)
  2. safety needs (security, employment, health)
  3. love and belonging (friendship, intimacy)
  4. esteem (respect, status, recognition)
  5. self-actualization (the desire to beocme the most one can be)
62
Q

Reward deficiency syndrome (Blum)

A

sensation seekers, because of their low number of inherited D2 receptors, are constantly motivated by the search for more intense sources of reward

63
Q

behaviour of high sensation-seekers

A

are more prone to having problems with self-control, drug abuse, risky sexual behaviour, and aggressive behaviour

64
Q

extraversion and Maslow’s needs

A

most strongly correlated with esteem

65
Q

agreeableness and Maslow’s needs

A

most strongly correlated with belonging

66
Q

conscientiousness and Maslow’s needs

A

most strongly correlated with self-actualization

67
Q

openness and Maslow’s needs

A
  • most strongly correlated with self-actualization
  • not correlated with safety and security
68
Q

neuroticism and Maslow’s needs

A
  • strongly and negatively correlated with all of Maslow’s needs
  • the strongest association was found for the esteem score
69
Q

Likert scale

A

ranking things from low to high importance

70
Q

how do we interpret an individual’s behaviour?

A

in a cultural context

71
Q

Evaluation of personality

A

used for diagnosis, education, counselling, and research

72
Q

two principles of measurement

A

reliability & validity

73
Q

reliability

A

consistency of responses to a psychological assessment device

74
Q

validity

A

the extent to which an assessment device measures what it is intended to measure

75
Q

self-report inventories

A

Subjects answers about their behaviours and feelings

76
Q

example of an objective measure

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

77
Q

advantages of the MMPI and objective measures

A
  • Objective scoring
  • Quick assessment
78
Q

disadvantages of the MMPI and objective measures

A
  • Not suited for people who possess limited reading skills
  • Tendency to provide socially desirable answers
79
Q

The Dark Triad

A

A set of three inter-related personality traits that are disavantageous

80
Q

objective measures

A

measures where the person giving the test is bound by the results (there’s no room for interpretation)

81
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

Uses a Likert scale to test for various personality types and components of psychopathology

82
Q

three traits of the dark triad

A
  • machiavellianism
  • psychopathy
  • narcissism
83
Q

Machiavellianism

A

those who will manipulate and exploit others for their own gain

84
Q

Psychopathy

A

marked by a lack of remorse and empathy

85
Q

Narcissism

A

an inflated sense of self-worth

86
Q

Dirty Dozen

A

a scale to measure the Dark Triad

87
Q

International Personality Item Pool

A

Subjects answer questions regarding the Big-Five personality traits

88
Q

how is the International Personality Item Pool scored?

A

Items are scored from 0-4
- 0= not at all accurate
- 1= a little accurate
- 2= moderately accurate
- 3= quite a bit accurate
- 4= extremely accurate

89
Q

advantages of online test administration

A
  • Less time-consuming and expensive
  • Objective scoring
  • Accepted by younger employees
  • Prevents test-takers from looking ahead at questions and changing their answers
90
Q

MBTI

A

A personality inventory that is often used for vocational purposes (to help someone determine what type of profession to pursue)

91
Q

first letter of the MBTI

A

Extraversion: outwardly focused
Introversion: inwardly focused

92
Q

second letter of the MBTI

A

Sensing: focuses on the reality of now
Intuition: more imaginative of possibilities

93
Q

third letter of the MBTI

A

Thinking: bases decisions on logical reasoning
Feeling: bases decisions on personal feelings

94
Q

fourth letter of the MBTI

A

Judging: prefers to have matters settled
Perceiving: prefers to leave options open

PSYC 332 (12 decks)

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