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PSYC 332 > Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach Flashcards

1
Q

roots of humanistic psychology

A

Lie primarily in existential psychology (European) and the work of American psychologists like Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

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2
Q

existential philosophy

A

addresses questions like the meaning of our existence, the role of free will, and the uniqueness of each human being

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3
Q

existential psychologists

A

psychologists who align themselves closely with existential philosophers

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4
Q

what does existential therapy focus on?

A

existential anxiety

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5
Q

existential anxiety/crisis

A

the feelings of dread and panic that follow from the realization that there is no meaning to one’s life

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6
Q

when was the humanistic approach widespread?

A

was most widespread in the 1960s and 70s

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7
Q

key elements of the humanistic approach

A
  • An emphasis on personal responsibility
  • An emphasis on the “here and now”
  • A focus on the experience of the individual
  • An emphasis on personal growth
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8
Q

the emphasis on personal responsibility

A

people are responsible for what happens to them

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9
Q

the emphasis on the here and now

A

people can’t become fully functioning individuals when they live their lives as they happen

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10
Q

the emphasis on the individual

A

therapists provide a therapeutic atmosphere that allows clients to help themselves

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11
Q

the emphasis on personal growth

A

people are motivated to progress toward some ultimately satisfying state of being

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12
Q

Carl Rogers’ main ideas

A
  • Was the first to popularize a “person-centred” approach to treating clients
  • Was an early advocate of using groups as a form of therapy
  • Maintained that each of us naturally strives to reach an optimal sense of satisfaction
  • Believed in every individual’s potential for a fulfilling and happy life
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13
Q

applications of Carl Rogers’ ideas

A
  • Expanded his ideas from his work with clients to a general theory of personality
  • Applied the humanistic approach to social issues such as education and world peace
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14
Q

fully functioning people

A

those who achieve an optimal sense of satisfaction in their lives

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15
Q

characteristics of fully functioning people

A
  • Open to new experiences
  • Learn to trust their feelings
  • Sensitive to the needs of others, but aren’t overly concerned with meeting societal standards
  • Experience emotions more deeply and more intensely than most people
  • Deal with their problems directly rather than relying on psychological defences to avoid them
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16
Q

why does anxiety occur according to Rogers?

A

Anxiety results from encountering information that is inconsistent with the way we think of ourselves

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17
Q

how do fully functioning people deal with inconsistent information?

A

they accept it

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18
Q

how do most people deal with inconsistent information?

A

they experience anxiety

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19
Q

Subception/ rationalization (Rogers)

A

processing threatening information at a level somewhere below consciousness

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20
Q

distortion (Rogers)

A

a reinterpretation of the situation to make it less threatening

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21
Q

what defence mechanism is Rogers’ distortion similar to?

A

rationalization

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22
Q

denial (Rogers)

A

refusing to accept facts

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23
Q

what defence mechanism is Rogers’ denial similar to?

A

denial

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24
Q

effects of distortion and denial

A

Distortion and denial often succeed in the short run by reducing anxiety, but in the long term, they take us further away from experiencing life fully

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25
Q

disorganization

A

a state when the gap between self-concept and reality becomes so large that even our defences are inadequate

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26
Q

what does disorganization lead to?

A

extreme anxiety

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27
Q

conditional positive regard

A

affection as long as one does what is expected of them

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28
Q

childhood and positive regard

A

Most children grow up in an atmosphere of conditional positive regard, making it hard to face the facts and incorporate relevant information as we develop a sense of who we are

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29
Q

effects of conditional positive regard in childhood

A
  • Children learn to accept only the parts of themselves their parents deem appropriate
  • This process continues as an adult
  • As we lose touch with our real self, we become less fully functioning
  • This results in an incongruent person
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30
Q

what is the cure for conditional positive regard?

A

unconditional positive regard

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31
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

knowing that one will be accepted no matter what they do

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32
Q

how did Rogers suggest parents communicate with their children?

A

Rogers advised parents to communicate that although they don’t approve of specific behaviour, they will always love and accept the child

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33
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Argued that the needs that affect our behaviour depend on the circumstances of our lives

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34
Q

Maslow’s two types of motives

A

deficiency & growth motives

35
Q

deficiency motives

A

result from a lack of some needed object

36
Q

growth motives

A

satisfied by expressing the motive for the object we desire

37
Q

example of a growth motive

A

Unselfishly giving love to another person

38
Q

Hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s 5 basic categories of needs organized in order of prominence

39
Q

how do we progress through the hierarchy of needs?

A

We typically attend to needs at the lower levels before turning to higher-level needs

40
Q

what are Maslow’s 5 basic needs?

A
  1. physiological needs
  2. safety needs
  3. belongingness and love needs
  4. esteem needs
  5. self-actualization
41
Q

physiological needs

A

the most demanding needs that must be satisfied before we can move to higher-level needs

42
Q

examples of physiological needs

A

Hunger, thirst, air, and sleep

43
Q

safety needs

A

needs that dominate our thoughts and actions when the future is unpredictable or when living in an area where social order is unstable

44
Q

examples of safety needs

A

Security, stability, protection, order, and freedom from fear or chaos

45
Q

belongingness and love needs

A

the need for friendship and love

46
Q

maslow’s two types of love

A

D & B-love

47
Q

D-love

A
  • based on a deficiency in which we need love to satisfy emptiness
  • Concerned with taking, not giving
48
Q

B-love

A
  • a non-possessive, unselfish love based on a growth need rather than a deficiency
  • Grows as a result of being in a relationship
49
Q

esteem needs

A

the need to achieve and maintain a positive sense of self-esteem

50
Q

two subtypes of esteem needs

A
  • The need to perceive oneself as competent and achieving
  • The need for admiration and respect
51
Q

self-actualization

A

when we identify our true self and reach our full potential

52
Q

Maslow on the simplicity of the hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow acknowledged that the five-level hierarchy is an oversimplification

53
Q

3 main misconceptions about the hierarchy of needs

A
  • People assume that needs must be satisfied in order
  • People assume that lower needs must be fully satisfied before we turn to higher needs
  • People assume that any given behaviour is motivated by a single need
54
Q

can people satisfy their needs out of order?

A

yes

55
Q

do we often satisfy the five levels of Maslow’s hierarchy?

A

no

56
Q

what % of Maslow’s needs are met?

A

For the average person in our culture, 85% of physiological needs, 70% of safety needs, 50% of belongingness and love needs, 40% of esteem needs, and 10% of self-actualization needs are met

57
Q

how many needs motivate behaviour?

A

Maslow maintained that most behaviour is the result of multiple motivations

58
Q

who was Maslow most interested in studying?

A
  • Maslow studied psychologically healthy individuals to learn abot how individuals reach their true potential
  • He turned to records of historical figures and interviews with people who he believed lived self-actualized lives
59
Q

who did Maslow believe was self-actualized?

A

Thomas Jefferson, Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Albert Schweitzer

60
Q

what approach did Maslow employ?

A

holistic analysis

61
Q

holistic analysis

A

considering all of the information collected about an individual to arrive at general impressions of that person

62
Q

Maslow’s findings about self-actualized people

A
  • Tend to accept themselves for what they are
  • Admit to personal weaknesses and work to improve themselves where they can
  • Don’t spend a lot of time worrying about things they might have done
  • Respect and feel good about themselves for what they are
  • Are less restricted by cultural norms and customs than the average person
  • Express their thoughts and desires in a way that suits them, regardless of whether society approves
  • Often dress, live, and spend their free time differently than the typical citizen
  • Display self-actualizing creativity
  • Have a few, deep and rewarding friendships
  • Have a philosophical, unhostile sense of humour
  • Have a strong need for solitude
  • Tend to have peak experiences
63
Q

self-actualizing creativity

A

exhibiting novel approaches in routine tasks

64
Q

peak experiences

A

the transcendence of time and place

65
Q

self-actualizers who don’t have peak experiences

A
  • have a clear direction in their lives
  • are the social world improvers, politicians, workers of society, reformers, and crusaders
66
Q

self-actualizers who have peak experiences

A
  • less conventional and more concerned about abstract notions
  • tend to be less conventional and are more likely to write poetry, music, philosophy, and religious texts
67
Q

who outlined the psychology of optimal experiences?

A

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

68
Q

optimal experience (flow)

A

a state of happiness and satisfaction characterized by the absorption in a challenging and personally rewarding task

69
Q

are optimal experiences easy?

A

Most optimal experiences are quite demanding

70
Q

flow across cultures

A

People of all ages and cultures tend to describe flow similarly

71
Q

Eight components of optimal experience

A
  1. the activity is challenging and requires skill
  2. one’s attention is completely absorbed by the activity
  3. the activity has clear goals
  4. there is clear feedback
  5. one can concentrate only on the task at hand
  6. one acheives a sense of personal control
  7. one loses self-consciousness
  8. one loses a sense of time
72
Q

when are we more likely to have flow-like experiences?

A
  • Certain people have flow-like experiences when engaging in recreational activities
  • Flow experiences are more likely to happen when people are at work than during off hours
73
Q

flow and challenges

A

A challenging job creates numerous opportunities to experience mastery and accomplishment

74
Q

flow in high-school students

A

High school students are most content when they face academic assignments that are challenging but within their power to accomplish

75
Q

flow in intrinsically-motivated undergraduates

A

Intrinsically motivated undergraduates were more likely to lose track of time and to report that study time passed more quickly than those who were less interested in the learning experience

76
Q

what aspect of flow provides enjoyment

A

the struggle and experience of acheiving a goal

77
Q

how do we acheive happiness according to Csikszentmihalyi?

A

Happiness comes from taking control of our lives rather than caving in to conventional standards or demands from others

78
Q

strenghts of the humanistic approach

A
  • Emphasizes the healthy side of personality
  • Has had a huge impact on the way psychologists approach therapy
  • Has influenced many other domains, such as education, business, and communication
79
Q

criticisms of the humanistic approach

A
  • Relies on the concept of free will to explain human behaviour
  • Many key concepts are poorly defined
  • Lack of scientific rigour
  • Limited applicability of humanistic psychotherapy techniques
  • Makes overly naive assumptions about human nature
80
Q

benefit of optimal experiences

A

They are occasions for personal growth

81
Q

characteristics of an existential crisis

A
  • An increased sense of struggle
  • Painful emotions like despair or regret
  • Withdrawal from activities or people
  • Questioning long-held beliefs, including but not limited to religious faith
  • Panic attacks
82
Q

what happens when we overrely on defences according to Rogers?

A

neurosis

83
Q

neurosis (Rogers)

A
  • rigidity in perceptions, overgeneralizations, and black-and-white thinking
  • not really dealing with the threats themselves
84
Q

two types of psychologically healthy individuals

A

nonpeakers & peakers

PSYC 332 (12 decks)

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