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PSYC 332 > Chapter 3: Psychoanalytic Theory > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Psychoanalytic Theory Flashcards

1
Q

what did Freud’s theory emphasize

A

the unconscious mind

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2
Q

what was the first theory of personality?

A

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

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3
Q

what scientific notion influenced Freud’s theory

A

the idea of energy

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4
Q

how did Freud begin to understand the power of the unconscious?

A

treating patients with hysteria

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5
Q

free association

A

having patients say whatever came into their mind, including previously hidden material

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6
Q

what did Freud conclude about the nature of hysterical symptoms in adults?

A

He concluded that early sexual experiences were responsible for hysterical symptoms in adult patients

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7
Q

the topographic model

A

The division of human personality into the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious

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8
Q

conscious

A

contains thoughts you are currently aware of

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9
Q

preconscious

A

contains thoughts that could be brought into consciousness fairly easily

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10
Q

unconscious

A

the material to which you have no immediate access

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11
Q

the structural model

A

The division of human personality into the id, the ego, and the superego

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12
Q

id

A

the selfish part of one’s personality that is only concerned with satisfying personal desires

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13
Q

what principle is the id based on?

A

the pleasure principle

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14
Q

the pleasure principle

A

bringing immediate personal satisfaction

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15
Q

what technique does the id use to satisfy it needs?

A

wish fulfillment

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16
Q

wish fulfillment

A

imagining

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17
Q

what part of the brain is the id located in?

A

the unconscious

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18
Q

development of the id

A

the id is present at birth

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19
Q

ego

A

the part of one’s personality that keeps id impulses in the unconscious

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20
Q

development of the ego

A

develops during the first two years of life

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21
Q

what principle is the ego based on?

A

the reality principle

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22
Q

the reality principle

A

satisfying the id impulses, while considering the realities of the world

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23
Q

what part of the brain is the ego located in?

A

Moves freely among the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious parts of the mind

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24
Q

superego

A

the part of one’s personality that reinforces a strict moral code

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25
Q

development of the superego

A

Develops around 5 years old

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26
Q

what does the superego represent?

A

society’s values and standards

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27
Q

what is the superego’s primary weapon

A

guilt

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28
Q

moral anxiety

A

an ever-present feeling of shame and guilt

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29
Q

where is the superego located in the brain?

A

Moves freely among the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious parts of the mind

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30
Q

triebe/ instincts

A

strong internal forces that drive human behaviour

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31
Q

what are the two forms of triebe?

A

libido & thanatos

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32
Q

libido

A

the life or sexual instinct

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33
Q

how is libido expressed?

A

Expressed as any action aimed at receiving pleasure

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34
Q

thanatos

A

the death or aggressive instinct

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35
Q

how is thanatos expressed?

A

Expressed as outward aggression against others

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36
Q

are the forces of triebe mutually exclusive?

A

no, they often combine

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37
Q

what force of triebe is most of human behaviour attributed to?

A

libido

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38
Q

psychic energy

A

the force that lies behind all mental processes

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39
Q

Freud on psychic energy

A

Freud argued that we have a finite amount of psychic energy

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40
Q

neurotic anxiety

A

vague feelings of anxiety sparked by the sensation that unacceptable unconscious thoughts are about to burst through the awareness barrier

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41
Q

what makes up a healthy personality according to Freud?

A

A healthy personality is one in which the ego controls id impulses and superego demands

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42
Q

defence mechanisms

A

techniques the ego uses to deal with unconscious thoughts or desires

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43
Q

9 types of defence mechanisms

A
  1. repression
  2. sublimation
  3. displacement
  4. denial
  5. reaction formation
  6. intellectualization
  7. projection
  8. regression
  9. rationalization

(4 r’s, 2 d’s, spi)

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44
Q

repression

A

an active effort by the ego to push threatening material out of consciousness or to keep that material from ever reaching consciousness

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45
Q

consequences of repression

A

drains our ability to function

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46
Q

the Repressed Memories Epidemic

A

convicted hundreds of people based on fictional creations

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47
Q

do most psychologists accept the notion of repressed memories?

A

no

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48
Q

sublimation

A

the ego channels threatening unconscious impulses into socially acceptable actions

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49
Q

consequences of sublimation

A

allows us to become more productive

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50
Q

example of sublimation

A

participating in aggressive sports to express unconscious aggression in a socially acceptable manner

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51
Q

displacement

A

involves channelling our impulses to non-threatening objects

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52
Q

consequences of displacement

A

Doesn’t lead to social rewards

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53
Q

denial

A

refusing to accept that certain facts exist

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54
Q

consequences of denial

A

The more one uses this technique, the less in touch with reality they become

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55
Q

reaction formation

A

hiding threatening unconscious ideas or urges by acting in a manner opposite to our unconscious desires

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56
Q

intellectualization

A

removing the emotional content from thought before allowing it into awareness

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57
Q

projection

A

attributing an unconscious impulse to other people instead of to ourselves

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58
Q

Freud on the formation of adult personalities

A

Freud argued that our adult personalities are heavily influenced by what happens to us in the first 5-6 years of life

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59
Q

psychosexual stages of development

A

a series of developmental stages that children undergo in the first 5-6 years of life, where the chief characteristic of each stage is the primary erogenous zone

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60
Q

fixation

A

the tying up of psychic energy

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61
Q

when does fixation occur?

A

Occurs when children have a difficult time moving through a particular stage

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62
Q

what are the consequences of fixation?

A

The adult expresses behavioural characteristics of the stage at which energy is fixed

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63
Q

what are the five psychosexual stages of development?

A
  1. oral stage
  2. anal stage
  3. phallic stage
  4. latency stage
  5. genital stage
64
Q

oral stage

A

the first stage of developmemt, where the mouth, lips, and tongue are the primary erogenous zones

65
Q

when does the oral stage occur?

A

Spans the first 18 months of life

66
Q

what causes an oral personality?

A

Traumatic weaning or feeding problems result in a fixation and an oral personality

67
Q

oral personality

A

people express an infantile need for oral satisfaction

68
Q

examples of an oral personality

A

smoking or drinking excessively

69
Q

anal stage

A

the second stage of development, where the anal region becomes the most important erogenous zone

70
Q

when does the anal stage occur?

A

18 months- 3 years

71
Q

anal personality

A

people are either orderly and rigid or stubborn depending on how the toilet training progressed

72
Q

phallic stage

A

the third stage of development, where the penis or clitoris becomes the most important erogenous zone

73
Q

when does the phallic stage occur?

A

3-6 years

74
Q

what happens at the end of the phallic stage?

A

children experience the Oedipus complex

75
Q

the Oedipus complex

A

children develop a sexual attraction to their opposite-sex parent

76
Q

consequences of the Oedipus complex

A

Results in castration anxiety for boys and penis envy for girls

77
Q

castration anxiety

A

a fear that boys’ fathers will discover their thoughts and cut off their penis

78
Q

penis envy

A

a desire to have a penis, coupled with feelings of inferiority and jealousy because of its absence

79
Q

latency stage

A

the fourth stage of development, where, eventually, children repress their desire for their opposite-sex parent

80
Q

when does the latency stage occur

A

6 years-puberty

81
Q

what characterizes the latency stage?

A
  • They begin to associate with those of the same gender
  • Sexual desires abate
82
Q

Functions of the Oedipus complex’s latency stage

A
  • Boys begin to take on masculine characteristics and girls acquire feminine characteristics
  • Adopting the parents’ values paves the way for the emergence of the superego
83
Q

genital stage

A

the fifth stage of development, where erogenous urges return and are focused in the adult genital regions

84
Q

when does normal sexual functioning occur, according to Freud

A

Normal sexual functioning occurs if a child has progressed to the genital stage without leaving large amounts of libido fixated at earlier stages

85
Q

when are Oedipus desires eliminated?

A

Oedipus’s desires are never fully eliminated and can influence behaviour in later life

86
Q

7 methods of getting at unconscious material

A
  1. dreams
  2. projective tests
  3. free association
  4. Freudian slips
  5. hynosis
  6. accidents
  7. symbollic behaviour
87
Q

dreams

A

dreams provide id impulses with a stage for expression. they represent the things we desire

88
Q

dreams are a form of ____

A

wish fulfillment

89
Q

two types of content of dreams

A

manifest & latent content

90
Q

manifest content

A

what the dreamer sees and remembers

91
Q

latent content

A

what is really being expressed

92
Q

how did Freud interpret dreams?

A

through latent content and common dream symbols

93
Q

projective tests

A

present test takers with ambiguous stimuli and ask them to respond by identifying objects, telling a story, or drawing a picture. The responses are said to provide insight into the unconscious

94
Q

why is free association difficult to implement

A

because the ego invests considerable energy in repressing threatening thoughts

95
Q

Freudian slips

A

misstatements that are said to provide insight into the unconscious

96
Q

hypnosis

A

putting the ego into a hypnotic trance, allowing the hypnotist to bypass it and get directly to unconscious material

97
Q

accidents

A

apparent accidents are intentional actions stemming from unconscious impulses

98
Q

symbolic behaviour

A

many of our daily behaviours can be interpreted as symbolic representations of unconscious desires

99
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

consists of 10 cards, each containing a blot of ink. Test takers are instructed to describe what they see in the images

100
Q

how are results from the Rorschach inkblot test interpreted?

A

Analyzed with several different scoring systems. Most psychologists rely on their insight and intuition when interpreting responses

101
Q

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

consists of a series of ambiguous pictures. Test takers are asked to tell a story about each picture

102
Q

how are results from the TAT interpreted?

A

Some therapists use objective scoring procedures, while others use their intuition

103
Q

the human figure drawing test

A

participants are given a blank piece of paper and instructions to draw a picture for the psychologist

104
Q

why was the human figure test initially developped?

A

as a measure of intelligence

105
Q

what is the human figure drawing test used to evaluate?

A

Seen as an indicator of psychological problems, particularly in children

106
Q

efficacy of projective tests

A
  • Projective tests have low reliability and validity
  • Many projective tests continue to be widely used because they can uncover information not easily obtained through other procedures
  • We can’t overinterpret responses to projective tests; they should be viewed as one source of information
107
Q

strenghts of Freud’s theory

A
  • The first comprehensive theory of human behaviour and personality
  • Developed the first system of psychotherapy
  • Popularized and promoted many important psychological concepts
108
Q

criticisms of Freud’s theory

A
  • His ideas weren’t new; he wasn’t the first person to consider the unconscious
  • Many of his hypotheses are not testable
  • Relies heavily on biased case studies (not representative of the population)
109
Q

what causes an anal personality?

A

traumatic toilet training

110
Q

why are projective tests largely ineffective?

A

the interpretation of results is subjective

111
Q

3 main types of projective tests

A
  • Rorschach Inkblot Technique
  • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
  • Word association and sentence completion
112
Q

how much time is assigned for the TAT assessment?

A

The total time duration assigned for 10 picture is 50 minutes

113
Q

what do participants have to describe in the TAT assessment?

A
  • The present situation
  • Thoughts and feelings of the characters
  • Preceding events (the events leading up to the story)
  • Final outcome
114
Q

TAT recording procedure

A
  • Complete responses presented by a subject should be recorded
  • Along with behavioural observation: stuttering, voice tone, body posture, hand movements, etc.
  • The practitioner should engage in questioning and inquiry to produce a continuous flow of the subject’s fantasy
  • The cards should be administered in the sequence they were presented to the subject
115
Q

Freud’s life

A
  • Lived from 1856-1939
  • Lived primarily in Vienna
  • Create theories from personal experiences & memories
  • Worked as a clinical neurologist
  • Studied with Charcot
  • Explored the benefits of cocaine
  • Developed psychoanalytic practice
  • Developed a group of disciples
  • Escaped Nazi invasion
116
Q

Freud’s Austria

A
  • Characterized by an even more rigorous form of Victorian sexual morality than England
  • Intense moral preoccupation with sexuality, particularly in women and children
  • Young women were expected to be chaste before marriage
  • Sexual exploration and masturbation were assiduously suppressed
117
Q

Freud’s main ideas

A
  • Argued that unusual or perverse sexual desires dominate the mind in both adults and children (These become unconscious; they’re no longer under the control of a person’s self-conscious and voluntary choices)
  • Had a very pessimistic view of human nature
118
Q

life instincts

A
  • Oriented towards survival
  • Libido
  • Cathexis
119
Q

cathexis

A

transforming the self-destruction instinct into harmony with others

120
Q

death instincts

A
  • Compulsion to destroy & conquer
  • Aggressive
121
Q

Freud on individual differences

A

people differ in their ego denfence mechanisms, which control expression of primitive forces in personality

122
Q

Freud on adaptation and adjustment

A

mental health invovles the ability to love and work. Psychoanalysis provides a method for overcoming unconscious psychological conflict

123
Q

Freud on cognitive processes

A

conscious experience often cannot be trusted because of distortions produced by unconscious defence mechanisms

124
Q

Freud on culture

A

all societies deal with universal human conflicts and lead to repression of individual desires. traditional religion is challenged as a shared defence mechanism

125
Q

Freud on biological influences

A

Psychiatric symptoms are explained in psychodynamic terms. Biological drives, particularly sexual motivation, provide the basis of personality. Hereditary differences may influecne the level of sexual drive and phenomena such as homosexuality.

126
Q

Freud on development

A

Experience in the first 5 years is critical for personality development. The oral, anal, and phallic (Oedipal) psychosexual conflicts are central. Adult personality changes very little.

127
Q

what does Freud mean by instincts?

A

drives

128
Q

what do traumatic events lead to according to Freud?

A

Traumatic events -> physical changes in the nervous system -> symptoms of anxiety later in life

129
Q

psychic determinism

A

the idea that unconscious forces have the power to influence behaviour

130
Q

why did Freud study clinical material?

A

because physical changes could not be observed

131
Q

catharsis

A

relieving pressure by making the unconscious conscious

132
Q

what is anxiety caused by according to Freud?

A

conflicts that threaten the ego

133
Q

three types of anxiety

A
  • reality anxiety
  • neurotic anxiety
  • moral anxiety
134
Q

reality anxiety

A

anxiety about tangible dangers

135
Q

what causes neurotic anxiety?

A

a conflict between the id and ego

136
Q

what causes moral anxiety?

A

a conflict between the id and the superego

137
Q

what provokes defence mechanisms?

A

everyday conflicts

138
Q

are defence mechanisms adaptive according to Freud?

A

yes

139
Q

who uses defence mechanisms?

A

everyone

140
Q

what is the most extreme form of defence?

A

denial

141
Q

consequence of projection

A

Frees a person from the perception that they are the one who holds a certain thought

142
Q

regression

A

retreating to an earlier period of life

143
Q

rationalization

A

generating self-justifying explanations for our negative behaviours

144
Q

consequence of intellectualization

A

Helps bring difficult thoughts into consciousness without anxiety

145
Q

a person who witnesses their parents having sex is unable to remember the event later is an example of

A

repression

146
Q

Jane is sexually attracted to her friend, but she claims in public that she intensely dislikes him is an example of

A

reaction formation

147
Q

A man with powerful unconscious sexual desires for women claims women use him as a sex object is an example of

A

projection

148
Q

a college student who is worried about an important test begins to suck on his finger is an example of

A

regression

149
Q

a drama student convinces herself that getting the part in the play is not that important after all is an example of

A

rationalization

150
Q

a student who is angry at her professor for a low grade lashes out at her roommate, who is a safer target for her anger is an example of

A

displacement

151
Q

a person who participates in sports to reduce aggressive drives is an example of

A

sublimation

152
Q

how did Freud treat Anna O’s hysteria?

A

hypnosis

153
Q

repression vs. denial

A
  • Repression involves people not remembering something because it’s too traumatic (ex. Not remembering childhood sexual abuse)
  • With denial, someone knows that a threat exists but refuses to accept it (ex. alcoholism)
154
Q

evidence for psychosexual development

A

there is none

155
Q

benefit of the psychosexual stages of development

A

they got people thinking about the influence of early childhood on development

156
Q

what happens when children realize that they cannot be with their opposite-sex parent?

A

they begin to identify with the same-sex parent

157
Q

evidence for methods of getting at unconscious material

A

there is none

PSYC 332 (12 decks)

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