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Medical Terminology > Chapter 5 Pathology, Diagnostic, Therapeutic, Pharmacology > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Pathology, Diagnostic, Therapeutic, Pharmacology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Cardiology

A

Branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of cardiovascular system; physician is a cardiologist

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2
Q

Cardiovascular Technologist/Technician

A

Healthcare professional trained to perform variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures including electrocardiography, echocardiography, and exercise stress tests

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3
Q

Angiitis

A

Inflammation of a vessel

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4
Q

Angiospasm

A

Involuntary muscle contraction of smooth muscle in wall of a vessel; narrows vessel

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5
Q

Angiostenosis

A

Narrowing of a vessel

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6
Q

Embolus

A

Obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that has broken off from thrombus somewhere else in body and traveled to point of obstruction; if it occurs in coronary artery, may result in myocardial infarction

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7
Q

Infarct

A

Area of tissue within organ or part that undergoes necrosis (death) following loss of its blood supply

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8
Q

Ischemia

A

Localized and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to obstruction to circulation

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9
Q

Murmur

A

A sound, in addition to normal heart sounds, arising from blood flowing through heart; extra sound may or may not indicate a heart abnormality

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10
Q

Orthostatic Hypotension

A

Sudden drop in blood pressure a person experiences when standing straight up suddenly

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11
Q

Palpitations

A

Pounding, racing heartbeats

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12
Q

Plaque

A

Yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in artery that is hallmark of atherosclerosis; also called an atheroma

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13
Q

Regurgitation

A

To flow backward; in cardiovascular system this refers to backflow of blood through a valve

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14
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot forming within blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude blood vessel

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15
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Condition in which there is severe pain with sensation of constriction around heart; caused by deficiency of oxygen to heart muscle; commonly called chest pain (CP)

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16
Q

Cardiac Arrest

A

Complete stopping of heart activity

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17
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A

Pressure on heart as a result of fluid buildup around heart inside pericardial sac; heart becomes unable to pump blood effectively

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18
Q

Cardiomegaly

A

Enlarged heart

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19
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

General term for disease of myocardium; can be caused by alcohol abuse, parasites, viral infection, and congestive heart failure; one of most common reasons a patient may require heart transplant

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20
Q

Congenital Septal Defect

A

Hole, present at birth, in septum between two heart chambers; results in mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; can be an atrial septal defect (ASD) and a ventricular septal defect (VSD)

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21
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

Pathological condition of heart in which there is reduced outflow of blood from left side of heart because left ventricle myocardium has become too weak to efficiently pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, and edema

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22
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A

Insufficient blood supply to heart muscle due to obstruction of one or more coronary arteries; may be caused by atherosclerosis and may cause angina pectoris and myocardial infarction

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23
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of lining membranes of heart; may be due to bacteria or to abnormal immunological response; in bacterial endocarditis, mass of bacteria that forms is referred to as vegetation

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24
Q

Heart Valve Prolapse

A

Condition in which cusps or flaps of heart valve are too loose and fail to shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backward through valve when heart chamber contracts; most commonly occurs in mitral valve, but may affect any of heart valves; also called heart valve incompetence or heart valve insufficiency

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25
Q

Heart Valve Stenosis

A

Condition in which cusps or flaps of heart valve are too stiff and are unable to open fully (making it difficult for blood to flow through) or shut tightly (allowing blood to flow backward); condition may affect any of heart valves

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26
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Condition caused by partial or complete occlusion or closing of one or more of coronary arteries; symptoms include squeezing pain or heavy pressure in (angina pectoris); delay in treatment could result in death; also referred to as a heart attack

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27
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of muscle layer of heart wall

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28
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of pericardial sac around heart

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29
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Combination of four congenital anomalies: pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, and hypertrophy of right ventricle; needs immediate surgery to correct

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30
Q

Valvulitis

A

Inflammation of a heart valve

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31
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Irregularity in heartbeat or action; comes in many different forms; may be too fast, too slow, or irregular pattern; some are not serious, while others are life-threatening

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32
Q

Bradycardia

A

Condition of having a slow heart rate, typically less than 60 beats/minute; highly trained aerobic persons may normally have a slow heart rate

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33
Q

Bundle Branch Block

A

Occurs when electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down bundle of His or bundle branches; results in ventricles beating at different rate than atria; also called a heart block

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34
Q

Fibrillation

A

Extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by abnormal quivering or contraction of heart fibers; when this occurs in ventricles, cardiac arrest and death can occur; emergency equipment to defibrillate, or convert heart to normal beat, is necessary

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35
Q

Flutter

A

Arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly, but in regular pattern

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36
Q

Premature Atrial Contraction

A

Arrhythmia in which atria contract earlier than they should

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37
Q

Premature Ventricular Contraction

A

Arrhythmia in which ventricles contract earlier than they should

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38
Q

Tachycardia

A

Condition of having a fast heart rate, typically more than 100 beats/minute while at rest

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39
Q

Aneurysm

A

Weakness in wall of artery resulting in localized widening of artery; although aneurysm may develop in any artery, common sites include aorta in abdomen and cerebral arteries in brain

40
Q

Arteriorrhexis

A

Ruptured artery; may occur if aneurysm ruptures arterial wall

41
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of walls of arteries; most often due to atherosclerosis

42
Q

Atheroma

A

Deposit of fatty substance in wall of artery that bulges into and narrows lumen of artery; characteristic of atherosclerosis; also called a plaque

43
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Most common form of arteriosclerosis; caused by formation of yellowish plaques of cholesterol on inner walls of arteries

44
Q

Coarctation of the Aorta

A

Severe congenital narrowing of aorta

45
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis

A

Formation of blood clot in a vein deep in the body, most commonly the legs; embolus breaking off from this thrombosis would travel to lungs and block blood flow through lungs

46
Q

Hemorrhoid

A

Varicose veins in anal region

47
Q

Hypertension

A

Blood pressure (BP) above normal range; essential or primary hypertension occurs directly from cardiovascular disease; secondary hypertension refers to high blood pressure resulting from another disease such as kidney disease

48
Q

Hypotension

A

Decrease in blood pressure (BP); can occur in shock, infection, cancer, anemia, or as death approaches

49
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

Congenital heart anomaly in which fetal connection between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at birth; condition may be treated with medication and resolve with time; however, in some cases, surgery is required

50
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease

A

Any abnormal condition affecting blood vessels outside heart; symptoms may include pain, pallor, numbness, and loss of circulation and pulse

51
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein

52
Q

Polyarteritis

A

Inflammation of several arteries

53
Q

Raynaud’s Phenomenon

A

Periodic ischemic attacks affecting extremities of body, especially fingers, toes, ears, and nose; affected extremities become cyanotic and very painful; attacks are brought on by arterial constriction due to extreme cold or emotional stress

54
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

Inflammation of vein resulting in formation of blood clots within vein

55
Q

Varicose Veins

A

Swollen and distended veins, usually in legs

56
Q

Auscultation

A

Process of listening to sounds within body by using a stethoscope

57
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

Instrument for measuring blood pressure (BP); also referred to as blood pressure cuff

58
Q

Stethoscope

A

Instrument for listening to body sounds (auscultation), such as chest, heart, or intestines

59
Q

Cardiac Biomarkers

A

Blood test to determine level of proteins specific to heart muscle in blood; increase in these proteins may indicate heart muscle damage such as myocardial infarction; proteins include creatine kinase (CK) and troponin

60
Q

Serum Lipoprotein Level

A

Blood test to measure amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood; indicator of atherosclerosis risk

61
Q

Angiogram

A

X-ray record of vessel taken during angiography

62
Q

Angiography

A

X-rays taken after injection of opaque material into blood vessel; can be performed on aorta as aortic angiography, on heart as angiocardiography, and on brain as cerebral angiography

63
Q

Cardiac Scan

A

Patient is given radioactive thallium intravenously and then scanning equipment is used to visualize heart; especially useful in determining myocardial damage

64
Q

Doppler Ultrasonography

A

Measurement of sound-wave echoes as they bounce off tissues and organs to produce an image; procedure is used to measure velocity of blood moving through blood vessels to look for blood clots or deep vein thromboses

65
Q

Echocardiography

A

Noninvasive diagnostic procedure using ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures; cardiac valve activity can be evaluated using this method

66
Q

Cardiac Catheterization

A

Passage of thin-tube catheter through blood vessel leading to heart; done to detect abnormalities, to collect cardiac blood samples, and to determine blood pressure within heart

67
Q

Catheter

A

Flexible tube inserted into body for purpose of moving fluids into or out of body; in the cardiovascular system, a catheter is used to place dye into blood vessels so they may be visualized on X-rays

68
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Hardcopy record produced by electrocardiography

69
Q

Electrocardiography

A

Process of recording electrical activity of heart; useful in diagnosis of abnormal cardiac rhythm and heart muscle (myocardium) damage

70
Q

Holter Monitor

A

Portable ECG monitor worn by patient for a period of a few hours to a few days to assess heart and pulse activity as person goes through activities of daily living; used to assess patient who experiences chest pain and unusual heart activity during exercise and normal activities

71
Q

Stress Testing

A

Method for evaluating cardiovascular fitness; patient is placed on treadmill or bicycle and then subjected to steadily increasing levels of work; EKG and oxygen levels are taken while patient exercises; test is stopped if abnormalities occur on EKG; also called exercise test or treadmill test

72
Q

Aneurysmectomy

A

Surgical removal of sac of an aneurysm

73
Q

Arterial Anastomosis

A

Surgical joining together of two arteries; performed if artery is severed or if damaged section of artery is removed

74
Q

Atherectomy

A

Surgical procedure to remove deposit of fatty substance, atheroma, from artery

75
Q

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

A

Open-heart surgery in which blood vessel from another location in body (often a leg vein) is grafted to route blood around blocked coronary artery

76
Q

Embolectomy

A

Removal of embolus or clot from blood vessel

77
Q

Endarterectomy

A

Removal of diseased or damaged inner lining of artery; usually performed to remove atherosclerotic plaques

78
Q

Heart Transplantation

A

Replacement of diseased or malfunctioning heart with donor’s heart

79
Q

Intracoronary Artery Stent

A

Placement of stent within coronary artery to treat coronary ischemia due to atherosclerosis

80
Q

Ligation and Stripping

A

Surgical treatment for varicose veins; damaged vein is tied off (ligation) and removed (stripping)

81
Q

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

A

Method for treating localized coronary artery narrowing; balloon catheter is inserted through skin into coronary artery and inflated to dilate narrow blood vessel

82
Q

Stent

A

Stainless steel tube placed within blood vessel or duct to widen lumen (see again

83
Q

Valve Replacement

A

Removal of diseased heart valve and replacement with artificial valve

84
Q

Valvoplasty

A

Surgical procedure to repair a heart valve

85
Q

ACE Inhibitor Drugs

A

Produce vasodilation and decrease blood benazepril, Lotensin; catopril, Capoten

86
Q

Antiarrhythmic

A

Reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias flecainide, Tambocor; ibutilide, Corvert

87
Q

Anticoagulant

A

Prevents blood clot formation heparin; warfarin, Coumadin

88
Q

Antilipidemic

A

Reduces amount of cholesterol and lipids in bloodstream; treats hyperlipidemia atorvastatin, Lipitor; simvastatin, Zocor

89
Q

Antiplatelet Agents

A

Inhibit ability of platelets to clump together as part of blood clot clopidogrel, Plavix; aspirin; ticlopidine, Ticlid

90
Q

Beta-Blocker Drugs

A

Treat hypertension and angina pectoris by lowering heart rate metoprolol, Lopressor; propranolol, Inderal

91
Q

Calcium Channel Blocker Drugs

A

Treat hypertension, angina pectoris, and congestive heart failure by causing heart to beat less forcefully and less often diltiazem, Cardizem; nifedipine, Procardia

92
Q

Cardiotonic

A

Increases force of cardiac muscle contraction; treats congestive heart failure digoxin, Lanoxin

93
Q

Diuretic

A

Increases urine production by kidneys, which works to reduce plasma and therefore blood volume, resulting in lower blood pressure furosemide, Lasix

94
Q

Fibrinolytic

A

Dissolves existing blood clots tissue plasminogen activator (tPA); alteplase, Activase

95
Q

Vasodilator

A

Relaxes smooth muscle in walls of arteries, thereby increasing diameter of blood vessel; used for two main purposes: increasing circulation to ischemic area and reducing blood pressure nitroglycerin, Nitro-Dur; hydralazine, Apresoline

96
Q

Vasopressor

A

Contracts smooth muscle in walls of blood vessels; raises blood pressure dopamine, Myocard-DX; vasopressin, Vasostrict

Medical Terminology (33 decks)

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