Chapter 4 Skeletal Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Pharmacology Flashcards
Arthrogram
X-ray record of a joint, usually taken after joint has been injected by contrast medium
Arthrography
Process of X-raying a joint, usually after injection of contrast medium into joint space
Bone Scan
Nuclear medicine procedure in which patient is given radioactive dye and then scanning equipment is used to visualize bones; especially useful in identifying stress fractures, observing progress of treatment for osteomyelitis, and locating cancer metastases to bone
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
Measurement of bone density using low-dose X-ray for purpose of detecting osteoporosis
Myelogram
X-ray record of spinal column after injection of opaque dye
Myelography
Study of spinal column after injecting opaque contrast material; particularly useful in identifying herniated nucleus pulposus pinching a spinal nerve
Radiograph
Image produced by X-rays striking photographic film; commonly referred to as an X-ray
Radiography
Diagnostic imaging procedure using X-rays to study internal structure of body; especially useful for visualizing bones and joints
Arthroscope
Instrument used to view inside a joint
Arthroscopy
Examination of interior of a joint by entering joint with arthroscope; arthroscope contains small television camera that allows physician to view interior of joint on monitor during procedure; some joint conditions can be repaired during arthroscopy
Arthrocentesis
Involves insertion of a needle into joint cavity in order to remove or aspirate fluid; may be done to remove excess fluid from a joint or to obtain fluid for examination
Orthotic
Orthopedic appliance, such as brace or splint, used to prevent or correct deformities
Prosthesis
Artificial device used as a substitute for body part that is either congenitally missing or absent as a result of accident or disease; example would be an artificial leg
Amputation
Partial or complete removal of a limb for a variety of reasons, including tumors, gangrene, intractable pain, crushing injury, or uncontrollable infection
Arthroclasia
To forcibly break loose a fused joint while patient is under anesthetic; fusion usually caused by buildup of scar tissue or adhesions
Arthrodesis
Procedure to stabilize a joint by fusing bones together
Arthroscopic Surgery
Performing a surgical procedure while using arthroscope to view internal structure, such as a joint
Arthrotomy
Surgical procedure that cuts into a joint capsule
Bone Graft
Piece of bone taken from patient used to take the place of removed bone or bony defect at another site
Bunionectomy
Removal of bursa at joint of great toe
Bursectomy
Surgical removal of a bursa
Chondrectomy
Surgical removal of cartilage
Chondroplasty
Surgical repair of cartilage
Craniotomy
Surgical procedure that cuts into skull
Laminectomy
Removal of vertebral posterior arch to correct severe back problems and pain caused by compression of spinal nerve
Osteoclasia
Surgical procedure involving intentional breaking of bone to correct a deformity
Osteotome
Instrument used to cut bone
Osteotomy
Surgical procedure that cuts into a bone
Percutaneous Diskectomy
Thin catheter tube is inserted into intervertebral disk through skin and herniated or ruptured disk material is sucked out or a laser is used to vaporize it
Spinal Fusion
Surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae; may be done for several reasons, including correction for herniated disk
Synovectomy
Surgical removal of synovial membrane
Total Hip Athroplasty
Surgical reconstruction of hip by implanting prosthetic or artificial hip joint; also called total hip replacement (THR)
Total Knee Arthroplasty
Surgical reconstruction of knee joint by implanting prosthetic knee joint; also called total knee replacement (TKR)
Cast
Application of solid material to immobilize extremity or portion of body as a result of fracture, dislocation, or severe injury; may be made of plaster of Paris or fiberglass
Fixation
Procedure to stabilize fractured bone while it heals; external fixation includes casts, splints, and pins inserted through skin; internal fixation includes pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires that are applied during open reduction
Reduction
Correcting fracture by realigning bone fragments; closed reduction is doing manipulation without entering body; open reduction is process of making surgical incision at site of fracture to do reduction; necessary when bony fragments need to be removed or internal fixation, such as plates or pins, is required
Traction
Applying a pulling force on fractured or dislocated limb or vertebral column in order to restore normal alignment
Bone Reabsorption Inhibitors
Conditions that result in weak and fragile bones, such as osteoporosis and Paget’s disease, are improved by medications that inhibit reabsorption of bones alendronate, Fosamax; ibandronate, Boniva
Calcium Supplements and Vitamin D Therapy
Maintaining high blood levels of calcium in association with vitamin D helps maintain bone density; used to treat osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and rickets calcium carbonate, Oystercal, Tums; calcium citrate, Cal-Citrate, Citracal
Corticosteroids
Natural or synthetic adrenal cortex hormone; has very strong anti-inflammatory properties; particularly useful in treating rheumatoid arthritis prednisone; methylprednisolone, Medrol; dexamethasone, Decadron
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Large group of drugs (other than corticosteroids) that provide mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory benefits for conditions such as arthritis ibuprofen, Advil, Motrin; naproxen, Aleve, Naprosyn; aspirin, Bayer’s, Bufferin
