Chapter 5 - Part 1 - Exercise Physiology Flashcards
What two systems make up the cardio-vascular system?
Circulatory system
Respiratory system
What is another word for cardio-respiratory system?
Cardio-vascular system
What are some functions of the Cardio-vascular system?
- Carry oxygen and nutrients to the body
- remove carbon dioxide and other wastes from the body
What are some of the functions of the circulatory system?
- transport essential materials through the body
-water
-oxygen
-nutrients - take away CO2 and waste
Why is aerobic exercise so important?
It increases the maximum O2 that the body can process at a given time, which improves cardio-vascular function and endurance.
How many chambers are there in the heart?
4
Left and right ventricles
Left and right atriums
Are atriums or ventricles the upper part of the heart?
Atriums
Are atriums or ventricles largest?
Ventricles
What parts of the heart regulate the flow of blood?
valves
The heart is a _________pump
two-sided or two part
What is the left side of the heart responsible for?
Systemic circulation
What is systemic circulation?
It is the movement of O2 rich blood to the body (red blood)
What is the right side of the heart responsible for?
pulmonary circulation
What is pulmonary circulation?
It is the movement of de-O2 blood through to the lungs (blue blood)
What is the nervous system called that manages involuntary functions in the body?
Autonomous nervous system
How does the autonomous nervous system cause movement in the heart muscles?
Through the use of electrical impulses, which is different that for the muscles in the skeletal system.
De-O2 blood enters the heart through the ________ and the ________
Superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava (superior is head and brain and inferior is lower part of the body)
Blue blood enters the right or left atrium?
right
Blue blood moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle and then pumps blood to the _______ and into the lungs.
pulmonary arteries
Once blue blood arrives in the lungs, the blood is oxygenated and returns to the heart through the ______________
Pulmonary veins
Red blood from the lungs enters the ______atrium of the heart
Left
Red blood moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle and then is pumped out of the heart via the _____
aeorta
what is the largest artery in the body?
The aeorta
Do arteries/the arterial system have valves?
No - only the veins have valves
Small branches of arteries are called the ________________ and even smaller ______________/
Arterioles and capillaries
What is unique about the walls of arteries?
they are thick and elastic, which enables them to expand to accommodate various volumes of blood.
Are the walls of capillaries thick?
No - they are thin to allow for the gas exchange of O2 and CO2
The movement of gases and nutrients through the walls of arteries and veins is called what?
Microcirculation
Small branches of veins are called what?
venules
Why do veins have one way valves?
The valves ensure that when the blood is being pushed/pumped back towards the heart, that the blood doesn’t ‘fall back’ due to gravity.
What condition occurs when a valve in a vein is defective, creating enlarged and inelastic veins?
Varicose veins
When we stop aerobic exercise suddenly, what can occur?
Venous pooling
What happens to blood pressure when venous pooling occurs?
Blood pressure drops and the body secretes 100x norepinephrine.
What is the hormone that regulates BP called?
norepinephrine
What can happen when the body has high levels of norepinephrine?
Cardiac issues
What part of the exercise program prevents venous pooling?
The cool down period. It helps the venous blood return to the heart.
What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
To provide O2 and remove CO2 from the body
____________ provides O2 into the lungs and into the blood
Breathing
_______________ removes CO2 from the body
Exhaling
What is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs called?
Pulmonary ventilation
When we inhale air, what happens to the diaphragm?
It contracts and pushes down on the stomach
When we exhale air, what happens to the diaphragm?
It relaxes and pushes up towards the head.
When we inhale air, the lungs and ribs ______
Expand
When we exhale air, the lungs and the ribs__________
Contract
What are the two main branches of our airway called?
The bronchi
In the lungs, bronchi become smaller ______________ and then __________
Bronchiole
Alveoli
The ____________ are where the gas exchange process occurs within the lungs
Alveoli
Blue blood comes into the lungs - the CO2 moves out of the vein and into the ___________
Alveoli
From the Alveoli, red blood moves into the ____________
Arteries
Within the gas exchange process, air moves from ________ pressure to _______ pressure
High to low
What is the pigment in red blood cells called, that latches onto O2 and holds it until it is delivered to the cells?
hemoglobin
The gas exchange process takes place within the lungs, and also takes place at the muscle fiber level - true or false
True
How does low levels of iron in the blood affect O2?
Low iron affects the blood’s ability to hold O2 - so it lowers the amount of O2 in the blood
Low levels of O2 in the blood affect energy in what way?
lowers our energy levels
What is anemia?
Lower than normal levels of hemoglobin in the blood due to iron deficiency.
What types of things affect the levels of iron in a woman’s body?
- diet
- menstruation
- pregnancy and breastfeeding
- vegetarian
- elite or high level athletes
As we exercise more vigorously, what happens to our respirations?
They increase, to bring higher levels of 02 into the body.
What is a person’s ventilatory threshold?
Point during exercise where ventilation becomes disproportionately high with respect to 02 consumption. It’s the point where we have exercised and are gasping for air and have to stop to catch our breath.
What is the lactate threshold?
It is the anerobic threshold - where the amount of lactate metabolization starts to build rapidly.
What does high lactate do to the muscles?
It causes that burning feeling.
What is the Valsalva maneuver?
It is holding your breath during muscle conditioning
What can we do to stop the Valsalva maneuver?
Tell exercise participants to exhale with the effort - to ensure that they continue to breath through the activity
Does caffeine, nicotine and amphetamines increase or decrease our respirations?
Increase
Does sedatives, alcohol and sleeping pills increase or decrease our respirations?
decrease
What condition has damage to the alveoli, causing labored breathing?
Emphysema
What condition has inflammation of the bronchi?
Bronchitis
What condition occurs when our airway path is constricted?
Asthma
