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Exercise Theory > Anatomy - Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy - Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The science of the structure and function of the body

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2
Q

What parts of anatomy are the most important to fitness?

A

muscuoletal and circulatory systems

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3
Q

What is included as part of the skeletal system?

A

bones and joints

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4
Q

What functions does the skeletal system play within the body?

A
  1. spreads our weight out from head to foot
  2. produces red blood cells
  3. protects the organs and soft tissues
  4. supports soft tissue
  5. is a reservoir for minerals including calcium and phosphorus
  6. is a lever system for body movements
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5
Q

How many bones are in the adult body?

A

206

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6
Q

How many bones is a baby born with?

A

300 - many of which fuse together through childhood

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7
Q

What is the Axial skeleton?

A

it runs through the body’s mid-line and includes 80 bones:
-skull
-ribs
-sternum
-vertebrae

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8
Q

what is the Appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones including the upper and lower limbs, pelvis, shoulders and girdle

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9
Q

How many types of bones are there?

A

6

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10
Q

What are the 6 types of bones?

A
  1. long bones - a bone that is longer than thick or wide - femur
  2. short bones - square and thick; equally long and wide; wrist bone
  3. flat bones - ribs, skull and pelvis. Purpose is to protect organs
  4. irregular bones - no other one like it and each is slightly different - vertebrae
  5. sesamoid - bones embedded with tendons - they develop from birth from our activities - patella (knee caps)
  6. sutural bones - small and irregular bones - found along the sutures of the cranium
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11
Q

How many bones are in the cervical spine?

A

7 - C 1-C7

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12
Q

What is the big lumpy bone at the base of your neck?

A

C7

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13
Q

Where is the cervical spine located on the body?

A

at the top of the neck area

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14
Q

what is the portion of the spine in the middle of the back called?

A

Thoracic spine

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15
Q

how many vertebrae are in the Thoracic spine?

A

12

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16
Q

What part of the spine do the ribs attach to?

A

thoracic spine

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17
Q

What is the lower part of the spine called?

A

Lumbar

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18
Q

How many bones are in the lumbar spine?

A

5 - L1-5

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19
Q

What is the function of the lumbar spine?

A

supports the weight of the body

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20
Q

What is the function of the thoracic spine?

A

protects the internal organs

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21
Q

How many bones are in the spine?

A

35

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22
Q

What is the sacrum?

A

collection of fused bones at the base of the spine

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23
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

your tailbone - is a collection of 3-5 bones - the number of which varies by person.

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24
Q

What is the acronym to remember the spine bones?

A

7 Am - breakfast and cereal “cervical”
12:00 lunch - thoracic
5 PM - dinner
5 PM - sacrum

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25
Q

What is a joint?

A

it forms when two or more bones come together

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26
Q

Where does all movement in the body take place?

A

in the joints

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27
Q

What are some of the functions of joints?

A
  1. keep body in alignment - such as the vertebrae
  2. move the body - limbs
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28
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A
  1. Fibrous - these joints have no observable movement. Are typically bones that are fused together. ie - bones @ sutures of the skull
  2. cartilaginous - limited movement - slightly movable. There is a dense collection of tissue between the bones which protect against wear and tear and provide shock absorption - discs between vertebrae; pelvis bone
  3. Synovial - fully movable joints - most prevalent in the body - elbow, knee, etc
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29
Q

True or False? More mobile joints have hinges or saddle bones and more elastic skin, muscles, ligaments and tendons

A

True

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30
Q

What type of joints are most important to exercise and movement?

A

synovial

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31
Q

True or false? With age, fibro-cartilage improves in resilience, reducing the risk of joint injury?

A

False - resiliency reduces with age

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32
Q

What are the parts of a synovial joint?

A
  1. joint cavity - where synovial fluid is present to lubricate the joint
  2. synovial membrane - which is filled with water
  3. articular cartilage - which surrounds the ends of the bones and acts like the shock absorber
  4. bursa - flat sacs of synovial fluid located between the tendons, cartilage, bone and muscle, that function as cushions to protect
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33
Q

What is the acronym for synovial joints?

A

CABS
Cavity - Articular Cartilage - Bursa - Synovial membrane

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34
Q

Draw a diagram to describe the 206 bones

A

206 bones - 2 types:
axial - 80 - skull, sternum, vertebrae and ribs
appendicular - 126 - limbs, pelvis and shoulder

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35
Q

what are vertebrae?

A

the bones that make up the spinal column

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36
Q

What are the functions of vertebrae?

A
  1. support the body
  2. bare the weight of the head, neck and trunk
  3. protect the spinal column
  4. passageway for nerves
  5. allow the spine to move and flex, extend and rotate
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37
Q

Where is the radius located?

A

the arm
with palm up and thumbs outside, the radius is on the outside of the arm, and the ulna is on the inside

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38
Q

How many types of synovial joints are there?

A

6

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39
Q

List the types of synovial joints

A
  1. pivot joint
  2. hinge joint
  3. saddle joint
  4. plane joint
  5. biaxial/condyloid joint
  6. ball and socket joint
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40
Q

What is a pivot joint and give an example.

A

A joint which turns along a central axis. Examples - cervical vertebrae which pivots the head; ulna and radius, neck

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41
Q

what is a hinge joint and give an example?

A

A joint which rotates about 1 plane of motion and one axis - like a hinge on your door. Includes flexing and extending - knee joint; elbow joint

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42
Q

what is a saddle joint and give an example?

A

A joint with movement along 2 planes.
The thumb is the only saddle joint in the body. It can flex, abduct and circle.

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43
Q

What is the only saddle joint of the body?

A

the thumb

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44
Q

What is a plane joint and give an example?

A

A joint in which the bones are sliding or gliding in movement - non-axial. The bones of the foot

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45
Q

What type of joints are the bones of the foot?

A

Plane joints

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46
Q

What is a biaxial/condyloid joint and give and example?

A

A joint which moves along two different planes. Example is wrist

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47
Q

What is a ball and socket joint and give an example?

A

A joint in which a ball fits into a socket to produce the most number of movements. Examples include hip joint and shoulder joint

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48
Q

What type of joint gives the most movement?

A

Ball and socket joint - shoulder and hip

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49
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Soft tissue which surrounds a joint - where bone meets bone, to protect the joint from friction.

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50
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A
  1. shock absorber
  2. increases the stability in a joint
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51
Q

Does cartilage have blood supply?

A

no

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52
Q

Where does cartilage get it’s nourishment from?

A

Synovial fluid

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53
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Band of fibrous tissue that weave around and through a joint to connect the bones together

54
Q

What is the purpose of a ligament?

A

Limit the range of motion and prevent undesirous movement.
They connect bone to bone.

55
Q

How many ligaments are there in a knee joint?

A

3

56
Q

What are the three ligaments in the knee joint?

A

Lateral
Arterial
Medial
(LAM)

57
Q

Are ligaments connected to muscle?

A

No - they only connect bone to bone in a joint.

58
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Tough fibrous tissue that attach muscles to the bones. All tendons are the end part of a muscle, where it attaches to the bone.

59
Q

Does a tendon have blood supply?

A

yes

60
Q

What does a tendon contain?

A

Collagen

61
Q

What is the purpose of a tendon?

A

Provides mechanical leverage and strength

62
Q

Every ______ becomes a ________ when it attaches to a bone.

A

muscle - tendon

63
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

Inflammation of the tendon

64
Q

What is tendonosis?

A

Tiny tears of the tendon caused by overuse.

65
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

standard reference position used to describe anatomy. Forward facing, feet slightly apart, palms face forward as does the head. All anatomical positions start from this position

66
Q

What is anterior position?

A

in front - towards the front

67
Q

What is posterior position?

A

behind; towards the back

68
Q

What is the mid-line?

A

vertical line dividing the body in half/sides

69
Q

What is medial?

A

towards the middle of the body

70
Q

What is lateral?

A

away from the middle of the body

71
Q

What is supine?

A

body laying down flat/horizontal with face up

72
Q

What is prone?

A

body laying down flat/horizontal with face down

73
Q

How many body planes are there?

A

3 - they are like panes of glass that divide the body a particular way. Actions cannot break the pane of glass
1. mid-sagittal or sagittal plane
2. frontal plane
3. transverse plane

74
Q

What is the mid-sagittal or sagittal plane?

A

vertical line that divides the body mid-line into left and right

75
Q

what actions occur on the sagittal plane?

A

flexion and extension

76
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A

vertical line that divides the body into front and back - anterior and prosterior

77
Q

what actions occur on the frontal plane?

A

abduction, adduction and lateral flexion

78
Q

What question is used to determine if an action can be done along the frontal plane?

A

can I do the action fully while I lay flat on the floor?

79
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

a HORIZONTAL line that divides the body into the upper and lower sections

80
Q

What actions can be done along the transverse plane?

A

supination, pronation, horizontal abduction, horizontal adduction and rotation

81
Q

What plane does rotation occur on?

A

transverse plane

82
Q

How many joint actions are there?

A

21

83
Q

What is flexion

A

movement which decreases the angle between the bones - ie the bones move closer together
Flexing one’s bicep

84
Q

What plane does flexion occur on?

A

Sagittal plane

85
Q

What is extension?

A

bone in the joint is moving further apart and the joint space is getting bigger.
ie when you lower your arm after a bicep curl

86
Q

What plane does extension occur on?

A

sagittal plane

87
Q

What is abduction?

A

Arms and legs are moving AWAY from the midline of the body. ie moving the foot sideways away from the body

Note: to abduct is to take something AWAY

88
Q

What plane does abduction occur on?

A

frontal plane

89
Q

What is adduction?

A

movement towards the middle of the body - ie moving the away leg back towards the center of the body.

Note: to adduct is to put something together or to ADD it - one leg added back to the other

90
Q

What plane does adduction occur on?

A

frontal

91
Q

What is internal or medial rotation?

A

a part of the body moves towards the midline of the body, while along the vertical long axis. ie turning your legs inward so that your knees face each other

92
Q

What plane does medial rotation occur in?

A

transverse plane

93
Q

What is external or lateral rotation?

A

The opposite of medial rotation - a body part moves away from the midline of the body on its own vertical axis. ie turning legs out so that the feet are facing away from each other

94
Q

What plane does lateral or external rotation occur in?

A

transverse plane

95
Q

medial rotation is opposite to ____

A

lateral or exterior rotation

96
Q

Flexion action is opposite to ____

A

extension

97
Q

Abduction action is opposite to____

A

Adduction

98
Q

What is circumduction?

A

A body part moves in a full circular path. Circumduction combines flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. ie fastball pitch

99
Q

What is lateral flexion

A

The head or the body bends to the side - like side crunches over a stability ball

100
Q

What is hyperextension?

A

an extension movement where the body moves beyond it’s normal anatomical position - ie doing the limbo hyperextends the back….

101
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

the top of the foot moves towards the shin
hint: dorsal fin of shark is “UP” so foot moves UP

102
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

the top of the foot moves away from the shin
Hint: PLANT foot into the soil - so the foot moves down

103
Q

Dorsiflexion is opposite to ____?

A

plantarflexion

104
Q

What is inversion?

A

the sole of the foot faces inwards. From a standing position, the body weight is on the outside edge of the foot

105
Q

What is eversion?

A

the sole of the foot faces outward. From a standing position, the body weight is on the inner edge of the foot.

106
Q

What is opposite to inversion____?

A

eversion

107
Q

What is horizontal abduction?

A

movement of a limb away from the midline of the body along the horizontal/transverse plane
ie lifting hands up away from the side of the body

108
Q

what is horizontal adduction?

A

movement of a limb towards the midline of the body along the horizontal/transverse plane. ie moving lifted hands back towards the hips

109
Q

What is elevation?

A

upward movement of the shoulder girdle ie shrugging the shoulders

110
Q

What is depression?

A

Downward movement of the shoulder girdle ie dropping the shoulders

111
Q

What is the only joint that can elevate?

A

The shoulder

112
Q

What is the only joint that can depress?

A

The shoulder

113
Q

Which unique joint is involved in dorsiflexion and plantarflexion?

A

the foot

114
Q

Which unique joint is involved in inversion and eversion?

A

the foot

115
Q

What 4 joint actions can the foot do?

A

dorsiflexion and plantarflexion and inversion and eversion

116
Q

What is retraction?

A

adduction of the scapula - ie squeezing the shoulders together

117
Q

What is protraction?

A

abduction of the scapula. ie rounding the shoulders

118
Q

What unique joint is involved in retraction and protraction?

A

the shoulders

119
Q

What is the opposite of retraction?

A

protraction

120
Q

What is supination

A

palm up of the hand ie holding hand flat with a tray sitting on top of it

121
Q

What is pronation?

A

palm down position ie the position of the hands for push-ups

122
Q

What unique joint uses supination and pronation?

A

the hand

123
Q

T or F - The hand is the only unique joint that uses retraction and protraction?

A

False - the hand uses pronation and supination
“Hand = carrying Supper “

124
Q

What is the most mobile joint of the body?

A

the neck

125
Q

Frontal Plane - what question to ask yourself?

A

Can I do this while lying down on the floor?

126
Q

What plane do most gym exercise occur in?

A

Sagittal plane

127
Q

Sagittal plane - what question to ask yourself?

A

Can I do it with one limb and then the other?

128
Q

Transversal plane - what question to ask yourself?

A

Can I twist or rotate?

129
Q

What 4 actions occur in the frontal plane?

A

Abduction
Adduction
elevation
depression

130
Q

What 5 actions occur in the transversal plane?

A

rotation
pronation
supination
horizontal flexion
horizontal abduction

131
Q

What 5 actions can the shoulder joint do?

A

elevation
depression
retraction
protraction
upward rotation (butterfly)

132
Q

What 2 actions do the hand joints complete?

A

supination
pronation

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