Anatomy - Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is anatomy?
The science of the structure and function of the body
What parts of anatomy are the most important to fitness?
muscuoletal and circulatory systems
What is included as part of the skeletal system?
bones and joints
What functions does the skeletal system play within the body?
- spreads our weight out from head to foot
- produces red blood cells
- protects the organs and soft tissues
- supports soft tissue
- is a reservoir for minerals including calcium and phosphorus
- is a lever system for body movements
How many bones are in the adult body?
206
How many bones is a baby born with?
300 - many of which fuse together through childhood
What is the Axial skeleton?
it runs through the body’s mid-line and includes 80 bones:
-skull
-ribs
-sternum
-vertebrae
what is the Appendicular skeleton?
126 bones including the upper and lower limbs, pelvis, shoulders and girdle
How many types of bones are there?
6
What are the 6 types of bones?
- long bones - a bone that is longer than thick or wide - femur
- short bones - square and thick; equally long and wide; wrist bone
- flat bones - ribs, skull and pelvis. Purpose is to protect organs
- irregular bones - no other one like it and each is slightly different - vertebrae
- sesamoid - bones embedded with tendons - they develop from birth from our activities - patella (knee caps)
- sutural bones - small and irregular bones - found along the sutures of the cranium
How many bones are in the cervical spine?
7 - C 1-C7
What is the big lumpy bone at the base of your neck?
C7
Where is the cervical spine located on the body?
at the top of the neck area
what is the portion of the spine in the middle of the back called?
Thoracic spine
how many vertebrae are in the Thoracic spine?
12
What part of the spine do the ribs attach to?
thoracic spine
What is the lower part of the spine called?
Lumbar
How many bones are in the lumbar spine?
5 - L1-5
What is the function of the lumbar spine?
supports the weight of the body
What is the function of the thoracic spine?
protects the internal organs
How many bones are in the spine?
35
What is the sacrum?
collection of fused bones at the base of the spine
What is the coccyx?
your tailbone - is a collection of 3-5 bones - the number of which varies by person.
What is the acronym to remember the spine bones?
7 Am - breakfast and cereal “cervical”
12:00 lunch - thoracic
5 PM - dinner
5 PM - sacrum
What is a joint?
it forms when two or more bones come together
Where does all movement in the body take place?
in the joints
What are some of the functions of joints?
- keep body in alignment - such as the vertebrae
- move the body - limbs
What are the three types of joints?
- Fibrous - these joints have no observable movement. Are typically bones that are fused together. ie - bones @ sutures of the skull
- cartilaginous - limited movement - slightly movable. There is a dense collection of tissue between the bones which protect against wear and tear and provide shock absorption - discs between vertebrae; pelvis bone
- Synovial - fully movable joints - most prevalent in the body - elbow, knee, etc
True or False? More mobile joints have hinges or saddle bones and more elastic skin, muscles, ligaments and tendons
True
What type of joints are most important to exercise and movement?
synovial
True or false? With age, fibro-cartilage improves in resilience, reducing the risk of joint injury?
False - resiliency reduces with age
What are the parts of a synovial joint?
- joint cavity - where synovial fluid is present to lubricate the joint
- synovial membrane - which is filled with water
- articular cartilage - which surrounds the ends of the bones and acts like the shock absorber
- bursa - flat sacs of synovial fluid located between the tendons, cartilage, bone and muscle, that function as cushions to protect
What is the acronym for synovial joints?
CABS
Cavity - Articular Cartilage - Bursa - Synovial membrane
Draw a diagram to describe the 206 bones
206 bones - 2 types:
axial - 80 - skull, sternum, vertebrae and ribs
appendicular - 126 - limbs, pelvis and shoulder
what are vertebrae?
the bones that make up the spinal column
What are the functions of vertebrae?
- support the body
- bare the weight of the head, neck and trunk
- protect the spinal column
- passageway for nerves
- allow the spine to move and flex, extend and rotate
Where is the radius located?
the arm
with palm up and thumbs outside, the radius is on the outside of the arm, and the ulna is on the inside
How many types of synovial joints are there?
6
List the types of synovial joints
- pivot joint
- hinge joint
- saddle joint
- plane joint
- biaxial/condyloid joint
- ball and socket joint
What is a pivot joint and give an example.
A joint which turns along a central axis. Examples - cervical vertebrae which pivots the head; ulna and radius, neck
what is a hinge joint and give an example?
A joint which rotates about 1 plane of motion and one axis - like a hinge on your door. Includes flexing and extending - knee joint; elbow joint
what is a saddle joint and give an example?
A joint with movement along 2 planes.
The thumb is the only saddle joint in the body. It can flex, abduct and circle.
What is the only saddle joint of the body?
the thumb
What is a plane joint and give an example?
A joint in which the bones are sliding or gliding in movement - non-axial. The bones of the foot
What type of joints are the bones of the foot?
Plane joints
What is a biaxial/condyloid joint and give and example?
A joint which moves along two different planes. Example is wrist
What is a ball and socket joint and give an example?
A joint in which a ball fits into a socket to produce the most number of movements. Examples include hip joint and shoulder joint
What type of joint gives the most movement?
Ball and socket joint - shoulder and hip
What is cartilage?
Soft tissue which surrounds a joint - where bone meets bone, to protect the joint from friction.
What is the function of cartilage?
- shock absorber
- increases the stability in a joint
Does cartilage have blood supply?
no
Where does cartilage get it’s nourishment from?
Synovial fluid
What is a ligament?
Band of fibrous tissue that weave around and through a joint to connect the bones together
What is the purpose of a ligament?
Limit the range of motion and prevent undesirous movement.
They connect bone to bone.
How many ligaments are there in a knee joint?
3
What are the three ligaments in the knee joint?
Lateral
Arterial
Medial
(LAM)
Are ligaments connected to muscle?
No - they only connect bone to bone in a joint.
What is a tendon?
Tough fibrous tissue that attach muscles to the bones. All tendons are the end part of a muscle, where it attaches to the bone.
Does a tendon have blood supply?
yes
What does a tendon contain?
Collagen
What is the purpose of a tendon?
Provides mechanical leverage and strength
Every ______ becomes a ________ when it attaches to a bone.
muscle - tendon
What is tendonitis?
Inflammation of the tendon
What is tendonosis?
Tiny tears of the tendon caused by overuse.
What is anatomical position?
standard reference position used to describe anatomy. Forward facing, feet slightly apart, palms face forward as does the head. All anatomical positions start from this position
What is anterior position?
in front - towards the front
What is posterior position?
behind; towards the back
What is the mid-line?
vertical line dividing the body in half/sides
What is medial?
towards the middle of the body
What is lateral?
away from the middle of the body
What is supine?
body laying down flat/horizontal with face up
What is prone?
body laying down flat/horizontal with face down
How many body planes are there?
3 - they are like panes of glass that divide the body a particular way. Actions cannot break the pane of glass
1. mid-sagittal or sagittal plane
2. frontal plane
3. transverse plane
What is the mid-sagittal or sagittal plane?
vertical line that divides the body mid-line into left and right
what actions occur on the sagittal plane?
flexion and extension
What is the frontal plane?
vertical line that divides the body into front and back - anterior and prosterior
what actions occur on the frontal plane?
abduction, adduction and lateral flexion
What question is used to determine if an action can be done along the frontal plane?
can I do the action fully while I lay flat on the floor?
What is the transverse plane?
a HORIZONTAL line that divides the body into the upper and lower sections
What actions can be done along the transverse plane?
supination, pronation, horizontal abduction, horizontal adduction and rotation
What plane does rotation occur on?
transverse plane
How many joint actions are there?
21
What is flexion
movement which decreases the angle between the bones - ie the bones move closer together
Flexing one’s bicep
What plane does flexion occur on?
Sagittal plane
What is extension?
bone in the joint is moving further apart and the joint space is getting bigger.
ie when you lower your arm after a bicep curl
What plane does extension occur on?
sagittal plane
What is abduction?
Arms and legs are moving AWAY from the midline of the body. ie moving the foot sideways away from the body
Note: to abduct is to take something AWAY
What plane does abduction occur on?
frontal plane
What is adduction?
movement towards the middle of the body - ie moving the away leg back towards the center of the body.
Note: to adduct is to put something together or to ADD it - one leg added back to the other
What plane does adduction occur on?
frontal
What is internal or medial rotation?
a part of the body moves towards the midline of the body, while along the vertical long axis. ie turning your legs inward so that your knees face each other
What plane does medial rotation occur in?
transverse plane
What is external or lateral rotation?
The opposite of medial rotation - a body part moves away from the midline of the body on its own vertical axis. ie turning legs out so that the feet are facing away from each other
What plane does lateral or external rotation occur in?
transverse plane
medial rotation is opposite to ____
lateral or exterior rotation
Flexion action is opposite to ____
extension
Abduction action is opposite to____
Adduction
What is circumduction?
A body part moves in a full circular path. Circumduction combines flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. ie fastball pitch
What is lateral flexion
The head or the body bends to the side - like side crunches over a stability ball
What is hyperextension?
an extension movement where the body moves beyond it’s normal anatomical position - ie doing the limbo hyperextends the back….
What is dorsiflexion?
the top of the foot moves towards the shin
hint: dorsal fin of shark is “UP” so foot moves UP
What is plantarflexion?
the top of the foot moves away from the shin
Hint: PLANT foot into the soil - so the foot moves down
Dorsiflexion is opposite to ____?
plantarflexion
What is inversion?
the sole of the foot faces inwards. From a standing position, the body weight is on the outside edge of the foot
What is eversion?
the sole of the foot faces outward. From a standing position, the body weight is on the inner edge of the foot.
What is opposite to inversion____?
eversion
What is horizontal abduction?
movement of a limb away from the midline of the body along the horizontal/transverse plane
ie lifting hands up away from the side of the body
what is horizontal adduction?
movement of a limb towards the midline of the body along the horizontal/transverse plane. ie moving lifted hands back towards the hips
What is elevation?
upward movement of the shoulder girdle ie shrugging the shoulders
What is depression?
Downward movement of the shoulder girdle ie dropping the shoulders
What is the only joint that can elevate?
The shoulder
What is the only joint that can depress?
The shoulder
Which unique joint is involved in dorsiflexion and plantarflexion?
the foot
Which unique joint is involved in inversion and eversion?
the foot
What 4 joint actions can the foot do?
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion and inversion and eversion
What is retraction?
adduction of the scapula - ie squeezing the shoulders together
What is protraction?
abduction of the scapula. ie rounding the shoulders
What unique joint is involved in retraction and protraction?
the shoulders
What is the opposite of retraction?
protraction
What is supination
palm up of the hand ie holding hand flat with a tray sitting on top of it
What is pronation?
palm down position ie the position of the hands for push-ups
What unique joint uses supination and pronation?
the hand
T or F - The hand is the only unique joint that uses retraction and protraction?
False - the hand uses pronation and supination
“Hand = carrying Supper “
What is the most mobile joint of the body?
the neck
Frontal Plane - what question to ask yourself?
Can I do this while lying down on the floor?
What plane do most gym exercise occur in?
Sagittal plane
Sagittal plane - what question to ask yourself?
Can I do it with one limb and then the other?
Transversal plane - what question to ask yourself?
Can I twist or rotate?
What 4 actions occur in the frontal plane?
Abduction
Adduction
elevation
depression
What 5 actions occur in the transversal plane?
rotation
pronation
supination
horizontal flexion
horizontal abduction
What 5 actions can the shoulder joint do?
elevation
depression
retraction
protraction
upward rotation (butterfly)
What 2 actions do the hand joints complete?
supination
pronation
