Chapter 5 - Human Movement Science

Question 1

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces

Answer 1

Biomechanics

Question 2

positioned above a point of reference

Answer 2

superior

Question 3

positioned below a point of reference

Answer 3

inferior

Question 4

positioned nearest the centre of the body or a point of reference

Answer 4

proximal

Question 5

positioned farthest from the centre of the body or a point of reference

Answer 5

distal

Question 6

on the front of the body

Answer 6

anterior

Question 7

on the back of the body

Answer 7

posterior

Question 8

positioned near the middle of the body

Answer 8

medial

Question 9

positioned toward the outside of the body

Answer 9

lateral

Question 10

positioned on the opposite side of the body

Answer 10

contralateral

Question 11

positioned on the same side of the body

Answer 11

ipsilateral

Question 12

the position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms facing forward. It is the base for all anatomic terminology

Answer 12

anatomic position

Question 13

an imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves

Answer 13

sagittal plane

Question 14

a bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases

Answer 14

flexion

Question 15

a straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases

Answer 15

extension

Question 16

extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion

Answer 16

hyperextension

Question 17

an imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves

Answer 17

frontal plane

Question 18

a movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

Answer 18

abduction

Question 19

a movement in the frontal plane toward the midline of the body

Answer 19

adduction

Question 20

an imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves

Answer 20

transverse plane

Question 21

rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body

Answer 21

internal rotation

Question 22

rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body

Answer 22

external rotation

Question 23

movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position

Answer 23

horizontal adduction

Question 24

adduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline

Answer 24

scapular retraction

Question 25

abduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline

Answer 25

scapular protraction

Question 26

downward (inferior) movement of the scapulae

Answer 26

scapular depression

Question 27

upward (superior) movement of the scapulae

Answer 27

scapular elevation

Question 28

when a muscle develops tension while lengthening; resistive force is greater than muscular force

Answer 28

eccentric muscle action

Question 29

when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle

Answer 29

concentric muscle action

Question 30

when a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it, leading to no visible change in the muscle length

Answer 30

isometric muscle action

Question 31

when a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion

Answer 31

isokinetic muscle action

Question 32

an influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object

Answer 32

force

Question 33

the resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length

Answer 33

length-tension relationship

Question 34

muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint

Answer 34

force-couple

Question 35

movement of the bones around the joints

Answer 35

rotary motion

Question 36

a force that produces rotation. common unit of this is the newton-meter, or Nm

Answer 36

torque

Question 37

motor response to internal and external stimuli

Answer 37

motor behaviour

Question 38

how the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response

Answer 38

motor control

Question 39

integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements

Answer 39

motor learning

Question 40

the change in motor skill behaviour over time throughout the lifespan

Answer 40

motor development

Question 41

groups of muscles that are recruited by the CNS to provide movement

Answer 41

muscle synergies

Question 42

the cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movement

Answer 42

proprioception

Question 43

the cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement

Answer 43

sensorimotor integration

Question 44

the use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning

Answer 44

feedback

Question 45

the process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment

Answer 45

internal feedback

Question 46

information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement feedback from the internal environment

Answer 46

external feedback