Chapter 2 - Basic Exercise Science

Question 1

the combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

Answer 1

human movement system

Question 2

the communication network within the human body

Answer 2

nervous system

Question 3

the ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

Answer 3

sensory function

Question 4

the ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information and produce the appropriate response

Answer 4

integrative function

Question 5

the neuromuscular response to the sensory information after interpretation

Answer 5

motor function

Question 6

the cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and movement

Answer 6

proprioception

Question 7

the functional unit of the nervous system

Answer 7

neuron

Question 8

neurons that transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord

Answer 8

sensory (afferent) neurons

Question 9

neurons that transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites

Answer 9

mottor (efferent) neurons

Question 10

neurons that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another

Answer 10

interneurons

Question 11

the portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 11

central nervous system

Question 12

cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body

Answer 12

peripheral nervous system

Question 13

sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues

Answer 13

mechanoreceptors

Question 14

mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change

Answer 14

muscle spindles

Question 15

mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change

Answer 15

golgi tendon organs

Question 16

mechanoreceptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint

Answer 16

joint receptors

Question 17

the body’s framework; composed of bones and joints

Answer 17

skeletal system

Question 18

structures that provide the resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

Answer 18

bones

Question 19

junctions of bones and connective tissues; where muscles cause movement to occur

Answer 19

joints

Question 20

portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

Answer 20

axial skeleton

Question 21

portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities

Answer 21

appendicular skeleton

Question 22

the process of resorption and formation of bone

Answer 22

remodelling

Question 23

a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue (resorption)

Answer 23

osteoclasts

Question 24

a type of cell that is responsible for bone formation

Answer 24

osteoblasts

Question 25

the end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production; one of the primary sites for bone growth

Answer 25

epiphysis

Question 26

the shaft portion of a long bone

Answer 26

diaphysis

Question 27

the region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis where growth in the length of the diaphysis occurs; the growth plate

Answer 27

epiphyseal plate

Question 28

a dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone except the articulating surfaces in joints

Answer 28

periosteum

Question 29

the central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored

Answer 29

medullar cavity

Question 30

cartilage that covers the articular surface of bones

Answer 30

articular (hyaline) cartilage

Question 31

flattened or indented portions of bone which can be muscle attachment sites

Answer 31

depressions

Question 32

projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach

Answer 32

processes

Question 33

a series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord

Answer 33

vertebral column

Question 34

joint motion

Answer 34

arthrokinematics

Question 35

joints held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement; produce synovial fluid to lubricate joints

Answer 35

synovial joints

Question 36

joints that do not have a joint cavity, capsule, connective tissue, or cartilage

Answer 36

non-synovial joints

Question 37

fibrous tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement

Answer 37

ligaments

Question 38

series of muscles that moves the skeleton

Answer 38

muscular system

Question 39

a layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia that surrounds the muscle

Answer 39

epimysium

Question 40

the connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

Answer 40

perimysium

Question 41

the deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibrers

Answer 41

endomysium

Question 42

connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force

Answer 42

tendons

Question 43

the functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments

Answer 43

sacromere

Question 44

the contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation

Answer 44

neural activation

Question 45

a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it connects to

Answer 45

motor unit