Chapter 5 - Human Movement Science Flashcards
SUPERIOR
Positioned above a point of reference.
BIOMECHANICS
The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.
PROXIMAL
Positioned below a point of reference.
DISTAL
Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference.
ANTERIOR (OR VENTRAL)
On the front of the body.
POSTERIOR (OR DORSAL)
On the back of the body.
MEDIAL
Positioned near the middle of the body.
LATERAL
Positioned toward the outside of the body.
CONTRALATERAL
Positioned on the opposite side of the body.
IPSILATERAL
Positioned on the same side of the body.
ANATOMIC POSITION
The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward. The anatomic position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature. Anatomic terms such as anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, and abductin and adduction apply to the body when it is in the anatomic position.
SAGITTAL PLANE
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.
FLEXION
A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.
EXTENSION
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.
HYPEREXTENSION
Extension of a join beyond the normal limit or range of motion.
FRONTAL PLANE
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.
ABDUCTION
A movement in the frontal plan away from the midline of the boy.
ADDUCTION
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.
TRANSVERSE PLANE
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.
INTERNAL ROTATION
Rotation of a join away from the middle of the body.
EXTERNAL ROTATION
Rotation of a join away from the middle of the body.
HORIZONTAL ABDUCTION
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.
HORIZONTAL ADDUCTION
Movement of the arm of thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.
SCAPULAR RETRACTION
Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline.
SCAPULAR PROTRACTION
Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline.
SCAPULAR DEPRESSION
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula.
SCAPULAR ELEVATION
Upward (superior) motion of the scapula.
ECCENTRIC MUSCLE ACTION
An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.
CONCENTRIC MUSCLE ACTION
When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle.
ISOMETRIC MUSCLE ACTION
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.
ISOKINETIC MUSCLE ACTION
When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.
FORCE
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
LENGTH-TENSION RELATIONSHIP
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
FORCE COUPLE
Muscle group moving together to produce movement around a joint.
ROTARY MOTION
Movement of the bones around the joints.
TORQUE
A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm.
MOTOR BEHAVIOR
Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.
MOTOR CONTROL
How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
MOTOR LEARNING
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.
MUSCLE SYNERGIES
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement.
PROPRIOCEPTION
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements.
SENSORIMOTOR INTEGRATION
The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.
FEEDBACK
The use of the sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.
INTERNAL FEEDBACK
The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.
EXTERNAL FEEDBACK
Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness progressional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.
