Chapter 5: Grasp, release, manipulation

Question 1

Reaching: newborn

Answer 1

Visual regard along with swiping w/ closed hand and abducted shoulder

Question 2

Reaching: 4 months

Answer 2

Hands come together at midline for bilateral reaching -shoulders abducted w/ partial internal rotation, forearm pronation & finger extension

Question 3

Reaching: 6 months

Answer 3

Increased dissociation of body sides, unilateral reaching with less abduction and internal rotation of the shoulder, hand is more open

Question 4

Reaching: 9 months

Answer 4

Trunk stability improves: shoulder flexion with slight external rotation, elbow extension, forearm supination, and slight wrist extension begin to emerge

Question 5

Grasp- pellet: natal

Answer 5

No voluntary grasp or visual attention

Question 6

Grasp- pellet: 3 months

Answer 6

No attempt to grasp, but visually attends to object

Question 7

Grasp- pellet: 6 months

Answer 7

Raking and contacting objects

Question 8

Grasp- pellet: 7 months

Answer 8

Inferior scissors grasp: raking objects into palm with abducted flexed thumb and fingers, or two partially extended fingers

Question 9

Grasp- pellet: 8 months

Answer 9

Scissors grasp: between thumb and side of curled index finger, distal thumb joint slightly flexed, proximal thumb joint extended

Question 10

Grasp- pellet: 9 months

Answer 10

Inferior pincer grasp: between ventral surfaces of thumb and index finger, distal thumb joint extended beginning of thumb opposition

Question 11

Grasp- pellet: 10 months

Answer 11

Pincer grasp: between distal pads of thumb and index finger, distal thumb joint slightly flexed, thumb opposed

Question 12

Grasp- pellet: 12 months

Answer 12

Fine pincer grasp: between fingertips, distal thumb joint flexed

Question 13

Grasp- cube: neonate

Answer 13

visually attends to object, grasp is reflexive

Question 14

Grasp- cube: 3 months

Answer 14

Visually attends to object and may swipe. voluntary grasp possible only upon contact, ulnar side used, no thumb involvement, wrist flexed

Question 15

Grasp- cube: 4 months

Answer 15

Primitive squeeze grasp: visually attends to object, approaches if within 1 inch, contact results in pulling object against other hand or body, no thumb involvement

Question 16

Grasp- cube: 5 months

Answer 16

Palmer grasp: fingers on top surface of object press it into center of palm with thumb adducted

Question 17

Grasp- cube: 6-7 months

Answer 17

Radial-Palmer grasp: fingers on far side of object press it against opposed thumb and radial side of palm (6 mo) with wrist straight (7 mo)

Question 18

Grasp-cube: 8-9 months

Answer 18

Radial-digital grasp: object held with the opposed thumb and fingertips, space visible between (8 mo) with wrist extended (9 mo)

Question 19

Finger to palm translation

Answer 19

12 to 15 months- picking up coins

Question 20

Palm to finger translation

Answer 20

2 to 2 1/2 years – placing coins in a slot

Question 21

Shift (manipulation)

Answer 21

3 yrs – separating two pieces of paper

Question 22

Simple rotation

Answer 22

2 to 2 1/2 years – 90 deg or less. unscrewing a small bottle cap

Question 23

Complex rotation

Answer 23

6 to 7 years – 360 deg. turning a pencil over to erase

Question 24

In hand manipulation with stabilization

Answer 24

6 to 7 years – picking up pennies with thumb and forefinger while storing them in ulnar side of same hand

Question 25

Pre Writing skills 1 to 1 1/2 years

Answer 25

Palmer – supinate grasp

Question 26

Pre-writing skills 2 to 3 years

Answer 26

Digital – pronate grasp

Question 27

Pre-writing skills 3 1/2 to 4 years

Answer 27

Static tripod posture

Question 28

Pre-writing skills 4 1/2 to 6 years

Answer 28

Dynamic tripod posture