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Quality of the Environment > Chapter 5: Ecosystems and living organisms > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Ecosystems and living organisms Flashcards

1
Q

adaption

A

an evolutionary modification of an individual that improves that individual’s changes of survival and reproductive success in environment

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2
Q

bacteria

A

unicellular, prokaryotic microorganisms

most are decomposes, but some are autotrophs and some are parasites

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3
Q

birth rate

A

the number of births per 1000 people per year

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4
Q

carrying capacity (K)

A

the maximum number of individuals of a given species that a particular environment can support for an indefinite period, assuming there are no changes in the environment

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5
Q

coevolution

A

the interdependent evolution of two or more species that occur as a result of their interactions over a long period

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6
Q

commensalism

A

a type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed or helped

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7
Q

community

A

an association of different species living together at the same time in a defined habitat with some degree of mutual interdependence

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8
Q

community stability

A

the ability of a community to withstand environmental disturbances

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9
Q

community

A

an association of different species living together at the same time in a defined habitat with some degree of mutual interdependence

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10
Q

community stability

A

the ability of a community to withstand environmental disturbances

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11
Q

competitioni

A

the interaction among organisms that vie for the same resources in an ecosystem

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12
Q

competitive exlcusion

A

the concept that no two species with identical living requirements can occupy the same ecological niche indefinitely. eventually one species will be excluded

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13
Q

cryptic coloration

A

colors or markings that help certain organisms hide from predators by blending into their surroundings

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14
Q

death rate

A

the number of deaths per 1000 people per year

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15
Q

density-dependent factor

A

an environmental factor whose effects on a population changes as population density changes

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16
Q

density-independent factors

A

an environmental factor that effects the size of a population but is not influenced by changes in population density

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17
Q

dispersal

A

the movement of individuals among populations, from one region or country to another

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18
Q

ecological niche

A

the totality of an organism’s adaptations, its use of resources, and the lifestyle to which it is fitted

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19
Q

ecological successions

A

the sequence of changes in a plant community over time

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20
Q

ecosystems

A

the interacting system that encompasses a community and its nonliving physical environment

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21
Q

ecosystems services

A

important environmental benefits that ecosystems provide to people; include clean air to breathe, clean water to drink, and fertile soil in which to grow crops

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22
Q

ecotone

A

the transitional zone where to ecosystems or biomes integrate

23
Q

emigration

A

a type of dispersal in which individuals leave a population and thus decrease its size

24
Q

environmental resistance

A

Limits set by the environment that prevent organisms from reproducing indefinitely at their intrinsic rate of increase; includes the limited availability of food, water, shelter, and other essential resources, as well as limits imposed by disease and predation.

25
Q

evolution

A

Cumulative genetic changes that occur over time in a population of organisms; it explains many patterns of distribution and abundance displayed in the natural world

26
Q

exponential population growth

A

the accelerating population growth that occurs when optimal conditions allow a constant reproductive rate over a period of time

27
Q

fundamental niche

A

no competition or other species, ideal

28
Q

growth rate

A

the rate of change of population’s size expressed in percent per year

29
Q

habitat

A

the local environment in which an organism, population, or species lives

30
Q

immigration

A

a type of dispersal in which individuals enter a population and thus increase its size

31
Q

intrerspecific competition

A

competition between members of different species

32
Q

intrinsic rate of increase

A

the exponential growth of a population that occurs under ideal conditions

33
Q

keystone species

A

us

34
Q

limiting resource

A

any environmental resource that, because it is scarce or at unfavorable levels, restricts the ecological niche of an organism

35
Q

metapopulation

A

a set of local populations among which individuals are distributed in district habitat patches across a landscape

36
Q

mutation

A

a change in the DNA of an organism

37
Q

mutulaism

A

a symbiotic relationship in which both partners benefit

38
Q

natural selection

A

the process in which better-adapted individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce increasing their proportion in the population

39
Q

parasitism

A

a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is adversely affected

40
Q

pathogen

A

an agent that causes disease

41
Q

population

A

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same geographic are at the same time

42
Q

population density

A

the number of individuals of a species per unit or area or volume at a given time

43
Q

population ecology

A

the branch of biology that deals with the numbers of a particular species that are found in an area and how and why those numbers change over time

44
Q

predation

A

the consumption of one species by another

45
Q

primary succession

A

the change in species composition over time in a previously uninhabited environment

46
Q

realized niche

A

actual organism’s environment

47
Q

resource partioning

A

the reduction in competition for environmental resources that occurs among coexisting species as a result of each species’ niche differing from those of the others in one or more ways

48
Q

secondary succession

A

the change in species composition that takes place after some disturbance destroys the existing vegetation; soil is already present

49
Q

species richness

A

the number of species in a community

50
Q

succession

A

the sequence of changes in a plant community over time

51
Q

survivorhsip

A

the probability a given individual in a population will survive to a particular age

52
Q

symbionts

A

the partners of a symbiotic relationship

53
Q

symbiosis

A

any intimate relationship or association between members of two or more species; includes mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism

54
Q

zooxanthellae

A

algae that live inside coral animals and have a mutualistic relationship with them

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