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Quality of the Environment > Chapter 11 : Fossil Fuels > Flashcards

Chapter 11 : Fossil Fuels Flashcards

1
Q

The extraction of mineral and energy sources from deep underground deposits is…

A

is more expensive than other methods of extraction

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2
Q

T/F

Natural processes are still forming fossil fuels in the Earth’s crust

A

True

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3
Q

The process of removing sulfur or metals from polluted emissions or solid waste and selling it as marketable product is

A

Resource recovery

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4
Q

What is a carbon-rick rock formed from the conversion of non-decomposed plant material which was subjected to heat and pressure millions of years ago

A

Coal

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5
Q

T/F
In the case of fossil fuels, the energy and carbon accumulated over millions of years ago are now being released in just a few hundred years

A

True

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6
Q

T/F

Fluidized-bed combustion is less efficient than traditional coal burning

A

False

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7
Q

The combustion of coal as an energy source…

A

releases harmful mercury into the atmosphere

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8
Q

As oil and natural gas reserves are exhausted

A

the use of alternative energy sources will increase

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9
Q

One of the worst spills in Europe’s history

A

involved the oil tanker prestige

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10
Q

A liquid or gaseous fuel that is synthesized from coal and other naturally occurring resources and used in place of oil or natural gas is termed

A

synfuel

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11
Q

The recent release of CO2 from the combustion of fossil fuels has lead to

A

a disruption of the earth’s CO2 euqilibrium

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12
Q

T/F

Every gallon of gasoline burned in an automobile releases an estimated 9 kg (20lb) of CO2 into the atmosphere

A

True

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13
Q

The removal of carbon from fossil-fuel combustion and subsequent storage of the carbon underground is referred to as

A

None of these terms fit the definition

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14
Q

A mixture of energy-rich gaseous hydrocarbons (primarily methane) that occurs, often with oil deposits, in earth’s crust best describes

A

natural gas

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15
Q

Underground geological structures that tend to trap oil and natural gas are termed

A

Structural traps

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16
Q

T/F

Burning of fossil fuels represents the completion of the carbon cycle

A

true

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17
Q

The digging of a trench to extract mineral and energy resources near earth’s surface is referred to as

A
  • Surface mining

- Strip mining

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18
Q

The burning of oil and natural gas

A

All of these choices are correct

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19
Q

Coal, oil, and natural gas

A

Are remnants of prehistoric organisms that existed millions of years ago

20
Q

Hard coal, produces the fewest pollutants per unit of heat released; burns most cleanly because it is not contaminated by large amounts of sulfur. It has the highest heat-producing capacity of any grade of coal

A

Anthracite coal

21
Q

T/F

Bitumen is sedimentary “oily rocks” that contain a mixture of hydrocarbons

A

False

22
Q

A black, combustible solid composed mainly of carbon, water, and trace elements found in Earth’s crust; formed from the remains of ancient plants that lived millions of years ago.

A

Coal

23
Q

Fluidized-bed combustion is

A

A clean-coal technology in which crushed coal is mixed with limestonen to neutralize the acidic sulfur compounds produced during combustion

24
Q

T/F

Coal liquefaction is the technique of producing a synthetic gaseous fuel (such as methane) from solid coal

A

False

25
Q

Reserves of ice-encrusted natural gas located in porous rock in the arctic tundra (under the permafrost) and in the deep-ocean sediments of the continental slope and ocean floor are called

A

Gas hydrates

26
Q

A type of surface mining in which a trench is dug to extract the minerals, then a new trench is dug parallel to the old one; the overburden from the new trench is put into the old trench, creating a hill of loose rock known as a spoil bank

A

Strip mining

27
Q

A soft coal, brown or brown-black in color, with a soft woody texture. It is moist and produces little heat compared with other types of coal. It is often used to fuel electric power plants

A

Lignite

28
Q

An underground sand deposit permeated with a thick, asphalt-like oil

A

Bitumen

29
Q

T/F

Also known as Hubbert’s Peak, Peak Oil is the point at which global oil production has reached a maximum rate

A

True

30
Q

Synfuels

A

Liquid or gaseous fuels that are synthesized from coal and other naturally occurring resources and used in place of oil or natural gas

31
Q

T/F

Wood has a lower energy density than coal does

A

True

32
Q

T/F

A structural trap is the extraction of mineral and energy resources from deep underground deposits

A

False

33
Q

T/F
Carbon capture and storage is the removal of carbon from fossil-fuel combustion and storage of the carbon, usually underground

A

True

34
Q

Resource recovery

A

The process of removing any material – sulfur metals, for example – from polluted emissions or solid waste and selling it as a marketable product

35
Q

The most common type of coal, also called soft coal. Much of this coal contains sulfur, a chemical element that causes severe environmental problems when the coal is burned in the absence of pollution-control equipment. Nevertheless, electric power plants use this coal extensively because it produces a lot of heat

A

Bituminous coal

36
Q

Sedimentary “oily rocks” that contain a mixture of hydrocarbons

A

Kerogen

37
Q

A thick, yellow to black, flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture found in Earth’s crust; formed from the remains of ancient microscopic aquatic organisms is called

A

oil

38
Q

T/F
Surface mining is the extraction of mineral and energy resources near Earth’s surface by first removing the soil, subsoil, and overlying rock strata (i.e., the overburden)

A

True

39
Q

T/F
Gas hydrates are a mixture of energy-rich gaseous hydrocarbons (primarily methane) that occurs,often with oil deposits, in Earth’s crust

A

False

40
Q

Acid mine damage

A

pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dissolved materials wash from coal and metal mines into nearby lakes and streams

41
Q

acid deposition

A

a type of ail pollution in which acid falls from the atmosphere

42
Q

Carbon capture and storage (CCS)

A

the removal of carbon from fossil-fuel combustion and storage of the carbon, usually underground

43
Q

Peak oil

A

the point at which global oil production has reached maximum rate

44
Q

Hydrologic fracturing

A

extraction of natural gas that is tightly bound in shale deposits by applying chemicals and water under high pressure

45
Q

Deepwater horizon spill

A
  • 23 days of spill
  • 5 million barrels spilled
  • second largest spill to Persian Gulf war
46
Q

5 synfuels

A
  • Bitumen
  • Kerogen
  • gas hydrates
  • coal liquefaction
  • coal gasification
47
Q

Pros and cons of fracking

A
  • temporary energy before synfuel transition
  • expensive
  • don’t know chemicals used
  • contaminate groundwater

Quality of the Environment (9 decks)

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