Chapter 5: Digestive System Flashcards
Absorption
Passage of materials, through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
Amino acids
Small building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested
AMYLASE
Enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch (amyl/o)
Anus
Terminal end, or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body
Blind pouch hanging from the cecum. It literally means hanging onto.
Appendix
Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up large fat gobules
Bile
Pigment released by the liver in bile
Bilirubin
Intestine
Bowel
Pointed dog-like teeth next to the incisors. also called cuspids or eyeteeth
Canine teeth
First part of the large intestine
Cecum
Portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending transverse, descending and sigmoid segments
Colon
Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the choledochus.
Common bile duct
Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus
Defecation
Swallowing
Deglutition
Primary material found in teeth. It is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.
Dentin
Breakdown of complex foods into simpler forms
Digestion
First part of the small intestine
Duodenum (12 inches long)
Removal of materials from the body in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces
Elimination
Breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules. This increases the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.
Emulsification
Hard, outermost layer of a tooth
Enamel
Chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances
Enzyme
Tube connecting the throat to the stomach
Esophagus
Substances produced when fats are digested
Fatty acids
Solid waste; stool
Feces
Small sack under the liver; store bile
Gallbladder
Simple sugar
Glucose
Starch; glucose is stored in this form in liver cells
Glycogen
Substance (strong acid) produced in the stomach; aids digestion
Hydrochloric acid
Third part of the small intestine. From Greek word, meaning twisted.
ileum
Any one of four front teeth in the dental arch
Incisor
Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas, it helps transport sugar into body cells
Insulin
Second part of the small intestine
Jejunum
Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
Lipase
Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. Secrete bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn out blood cells; filters out toxins
Liver
Ring of muscles between the esophagus, and the stomach also called the cardiac sphincter
Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Chewing
Mastication
Three large flat teeth at the back of the mouth on either side of the dental arch
Molar teeth
Roof of the mouth
Palate
Organ behind the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes
Pancreas
Small projections on the tongue, tastebuds are located within these
Papillae
Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
Parotid gland
Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs
Peristalsis
Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth, and for air from the nose
Pharynx
Large vein, bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
Portal vein
Enzyme that digests protein
Protease
Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels
Pulp
Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach near the duodenum. Originates from Greek word meaning gatekeeper it is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it
Pyloric sphincter
Distal region of the stomach opening to the duodenum
Pylorus
Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus
Rectum
Ridges on the hard pallet, and the wall of the stomach
Rugae
Digestive juice produced by salivary glands. Contains the enzyme amylase, which begins the digestion of starch to sugar.
Saliva
Parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands
Salivary glands
Lower, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum
Sigmoid colon
Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage, or closes a natural opening
Sphincter
Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus.
Stomach
Fat molecules, composed of three parts fatty acids, and one part glycerol. A subgroup of lipids.
Triglycerides
Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft pallet
Uvula
Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
Villi (singular: villus)
an/o
Anus
append/o
appendic/o
Appendix
bucc/o
Cheek
cec/o
Cecum
celi/o
Belly, abdomen
cheil/o
Lip
cholecyst/o
Gallbladder
(Don’t confuse with cyst/o: urinary bladder)
choledoch/o
Common bile duct
col/o
Colon
dent/i
Tooth
duoden/o
Duodenum
enter/o
Intestines, usually small intestine
esophag/o
Esophagus
faci/o
Face
gastr/o
Stomach
gingiv/o
Gums
gloss/o
Tongue
hepat/o
Liver
ile/o
Ileum
jejun/o
Jejunum
labi/o
Lip
lapar/o
Abdomen
lingu/o
Tongue
mandibul/o
Lower jaw, mandible
odont/o
Tooth
or/o
Mouth
palat/o
Palate
pancreat/o
Pancreas
peritone/o
Peritoneum
pharyng/o
Throat
proct/o
Anus and rectum
pylor/o
Pyloric sphincter
rect/o
Rectum
sialaden/o
Salivary gland
sigmoid/o
Sigmoid colon
stomat/o
Mouth
uvul/o
Uvula
amyl/o
Starch
bil/i
Gall, bile
bilirubin/o
Bilirubin (bile pigment)
chol/e
Gall, bile
Chlorhydr/o
Hydrochloric acid
gluc/o
glyc/o
Sugar
glycogen/o
Glycogen, animal starch
lip/o
Fat, lipid
lith/o
Stone
prote/o
Protein
py/o
Pus
sial/o
Saliva, salivary
steat/o
Fat
-ase
Enzyme
-chezia
Defecation, elimination of wastes
-iasis
Abnormal condition
-prandial
Meal
Difficulty in passing stools (feces)
Constipation
Frequent passage of loose, watery stool
Diarrhea
Difficulty in swallowing
Dysphagia
Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
Eructation
Gas expelled through the anus
Flatus
Passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
Hematochezia
Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes cause by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
Jaundice (icterus)
Black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood
Melena
Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit
Nausea
Fat in the feces
Steatorrhea
Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
Aphthous stomatitis
Tooth decay
Dental caries
Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus
Herpetic stomatitis
White plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
Oral leukoplakia
Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
Periodontal disease
Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
Achalasia
Malignant tumor of the esophagus
Esophageal cancer
Swollen varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
Esophageal varices
Malignant tumor of the stomach
Gastric cancer
Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it
Hernia
Open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
Peptic ulcer
Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
Anal fistula
Polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
Colonic polyps
Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both
Colorectal cancer
Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
Crohn disease (Crohns)
Abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall of the colon
Diverticulosis
Painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
Dysentery
Swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region
Hemorrhoids
Loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
ileus
Inflammation of the colon and small intestine
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Telescoping of the intestines
Intussusception
Group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation) without structural abnormalities in the intestines
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
Ulcerative colitis
Twisting of the intestine on itself
Volvulus
Gallstones in the gallbladder
Cholelithiasis
Chronic degenerative disease of the liver
Cirrhosis
Liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Malignant tumor of the pancreas
Pancreatic cancer
Inflammation of the pancreas
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
Viral hepatitis
