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The Language Of Medicine > Chapter 5: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Absorption

A

Passage of materials, through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream

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2
Q

Amino acids

A

Small building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested

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3
Q

AMYLASE

A

Enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch (amyl/o)

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4
Q

Anus

A

Terminal end, or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

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5
Q

Blind pouch hanging from the cecum. It literally means hanging onto.

A

Appendix

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6
Q

Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up large fat gobules

A

Bile

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7
Q

Pigment released by the liver in bile

A

Bilirubin

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8
Q

Intestine

A

Bowel

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9
Q

Pointed dog-like teeth next to the incisors. also called cuspids or eyeteeth

A

Canine teeth

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10
Q

First part of the large intestine

A

Cecum

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11
Q

Portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending transverse, descending and sigmoid segments

A

Colon

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12
Q

Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the choledochus.

A

Common bile duct

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13
Q

Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus

A

Defecation

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14
Q

Swallowing

A

Deglutition

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15
Q

Primary material found in teeth. It is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.

A

Dentin

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16
Q

Breakdown of complex foods into simpler forms

A

Digestion

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17
Q

First part of the small intestine

A

Duodenum (12 inches long)

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18
Q

Removal of materials from the body in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces

A

Elimination

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19
Q

Breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules. This increases the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.

A

Emulsification

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20
Q

Hard, outermost layer of a tooth

A

Enamel

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21
Q

Chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances

A

Enzyme

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22
Q

Tube connecting the throat to the stomach

A

Esophagus

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23
Q

Substances produced when fats are digested

A

Fatty acids

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24
Q

Solid waste; stool

A

Feces

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25
Q

Small sack under the liver; store bile

A

Gallbladder

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26
Q

Simple sugar

A

Glucose

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27
Q

Starch; glucose is stored in this form in liver cells

A

Glycogen

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28
Q

Substance (strong acid) produced in the stomach; aids digestion

A

Hydrochloric acid

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29
Q

Third part of the small intestine. From Greek word, meaning twisted.

A

ileum

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30
Q

Any one of four front teeth in the dental arch

A

Incisor

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31
Q

Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas, it helps transport sugar into body cells

A

Insulin

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32
Q

Second part of the small intestine

A

Jejunum

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33
Q

Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

A

Lipase

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34
Q

Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. Secrete bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn out blood cells; filters out toxins

A

Liver

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35
Q

Ring of muscles between the esophagus, and the stomach also called the cardiac sphincter

A

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

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36
Q

Chewing

A

Mastication

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37
Q

Three large flat teeth at the back of the mouth on either side of the dental arch

A

Molar teeth

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38
Q

Roof of the mouth

A

Palate

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39
Q

Organ behind the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes

A

Pancreas

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40
Q

Small projections on the tongue, tastebuds are located within these

A

Papillae

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41
Q

Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear

A

Parotid gland

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42
Q

Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs

A

Peristalsis

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43
Q

Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth, and for air from the nose

A

Pharynx

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44
Q

Large vein, bringing blood to the liver from the intestines

A

Portal vein

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45
Q

Enzyme that digests protein

A

Protease

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46
Q

Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels

A

Pulp

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47
Q

Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach near the duodenum. Originates from Greek word meaning gatekeeper it is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it

A

Pyloric sphincter

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48
Q

Distal region of the stomach opening to the duodenum

A

Pylorus

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49
Q

Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus

A

Rectum

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50
Q

Ridges on the hard pallet, and the wall of the stomach

A

Rugae

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51
Q

Digestive juice produced by salivary glands. Contains the enzyme amylase, which begins the digestion of starch to sugar.

A

Saliva

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52
Q

Parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands

A

Salivary glands

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53
Q

Lower, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum

A

Sigmoid colon

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54
Q

Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage, or closes a natural opening

A

Sphincter

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55
Q

Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus.

A

Stomach

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56
Q

Fat molecules, composed of three parts fatty acids, and one part glycerol. A subgroup of lipids.

A

Triglycerides

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57
Q

Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft pallet

A

Uvula

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58
Q

Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream

A

Villi (singular: villus)

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59
Q

an/o

A

Anus

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60
Q

append/o
appendic/o

A

Appendix

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61
Q

bucc/o

A

Cheek

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62
Q

cec/o

A

Cecum

63
Q

celi/o

A

Belly, abdomen

64
Q

cheil/o

A

Lip

65
Q

cholecyst/o

A

Gallbladder
(Don’t confuse with cyst/o: urinary bladder)

66
Q

choledoch/o

A

Common bile duct

67
Q

col/o

A

Colon

68
Q

dent/i

A

Tooth

69
Q

duoden/o

A

Duodenum

70
Q

enter/o

A

Intestines, usually small intestine

71
Q

esophag/o

A

Esophagus

72
Q

faci/o

A

Face

73
Q

gastr/o

A

Stomach

74
Q

gingiv/o

A

Gums

75
Q

gloss/o

A

Tongue

76
Q

hepat/o

A

Liver

77
Q

ile/o

A

Ileum

78
Q

jejun/o

A

Jejunum

79
Q

labi/o

A

Lip

80
Q

lapar/o

A

Abdomen

81
Q

lingu/o

A

Tongue

82
Q

mandibul/o

A

Lower jaw, mandible

83
Q

odont/o

A

Tooth

84
Q

or/o

A

Mouth

85
Q

palat/o

A

Palate

86
Q

pancreat/o

A

Pancreas

87
Q

peritone/o

A

Peritoneum

88
Q

pharyng/o

A

Throat

89
Q

proct/o

A

Anus and rectum

90
Q

pylor/o

A

Pyloric sphincter

91
Q

rect/o

A

Rectum

92
Q

sialaden/o

A

Salivary gland

93
Q

sigmoid/o

A

Sigmoid colon

94
Q

stomat/o

A

Mouth

95
Q

uvul/o

A

Uvula

96
Q

amyl/o

A

Starch

97
Q

bil/i

A

Gall, bile

98
Q

bilirubin/o

A

Bilirubin (bile pigment)

99
Q

chol/e

A

Gall, bile

100
Q

Chlorhydr/o

A

Hydrochloric acid

101
Q

gluc/o
glyc/o

A

Sugar

102
Q

glycogen/o

A

Glycogen, animal starch

103
Q

lip/o

A

Fat, lipid

104
Q

lith/o

A

Stone

105
Q

prote/o

A

Protein

106
Q

py/o

A

Pus

107
Q

sial/o

A

Saliva, salivary

108
Q

steat/o

A

Fat

109
Q

-ase

A

Enzyme

110
Q

-chezia

A

Defecation, elimination of wastes

111
Q

-iasis

A

Abnormal condition

112
Q

-prandial

A

Meal

113
Q

Difficulty in passing stools (feces)

A

Constipation

114
Q

Frequent passage of loose, watery stool

A

Diarrhea

115
Q

Difficulty in swallowing

A

Dysphagia

116
Q

Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

A

Eructation

117
Q

Gas expelled through the anus

A

Flatus

118
Q

Passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum

A

Hematochezia

119
Q

Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes cause by high levels of bilirubin in the blood

A

Jaundice (icterus)

120
Q

Black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

A

Melena

121
Q

Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit

A

Nausea

122
Q

Fat in the feces

A

Steatorrhea

123
Q

Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers

A

Aphthous stomatitis

124
Q

Tooth decay

A

Dental caries

125
Q

Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus

A

Herpetic stomatitis

126
Q

White plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth

A

Oral leukoplakia

127
Q

Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone

A

Periodontal disease

128
Q

Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

A

Achalasia

129
Q

Malignant tumor of the esophagus

A

Esophageal cancer

130
Q

Swollen varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus

A

Esophageal varices

131
Q

Malignant tumor of the stomach

A

Gastric cancer

132
Q

Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

133
Q

Protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it

A

Hernia

134
Q

Open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

A

Peptic ulcer

135
Q

Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

A

Anal fistula

136
Q

Polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

A

Colonic polyps

137
Q

Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both

A

Colorectal cancer

138
Q

Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

A

Crohn disease (Crohns)

139
Q

Abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall of the colon

A

Diverticulosis

140
Q

Painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection

A

Dysentery

141
Q

Swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region

A

Hemorrhoids

142
Q

Loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

A

ileus

143
Q

Inflammation of the colon and small intestine

A

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

144
Q

Telescoping of the intestines

A

Intussusception

145
Q

Group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation) without structural abnormalities in the intestines

A

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

146
Q

Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

A

Ulcerative colitis

147
Q

Twisting of the intestine on itself

A

Volvulus

148
Q

Gallstones in the gallbladder

A

Cholelithiasis

149
Q

Chronic degenerative disease of the liver

A

Cirrhosis

150
Q

Liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

151
Q

Malignant tumor of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic cancer

152
Q

Inflammation of the pancreas

A

Pancreatitis

153
Q

Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

A

Viral hepatitis

The Language Of Medicine (15 decks)

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