Chapter 5: Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
Absorption
A
Passage of materials, through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
2
Q
Amino acids
A
Small building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested
3
Q
AMYLASE
A
Enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch (amyl/o)
4
Q
Anus
A
Terminal end, or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body
5
Q
Blind pouch hanging from the cecum. It literally means hanging onto.
A
Appendix
6
Q
Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up large fat gobules
A
Bile
7
Q
Pigment released by the liver in bile
A
Bilirubin
8
Q
Intestine
A
Bowel
9
Q
Pointed dog-like teeth next to the incisors. also called cuspids or eyeteeth
A
Canine teeth
10
Q
First part of the large intestine
A
Cecum
11
Q
Portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending transverse, descending and sigmoid segments
A
Colon
12
Q
Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the choledochus.
A
Common bile duct
13
Q
Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus
A
Defecation
14
Q
Swallowing
A
Deglutition
15
Q
Primary material found in teeth. It is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.
A
Dentin
16
Q
Breakdown of complex foods into simpler forms
A
Digestion
17
Q
First part of the small intestine
A
Duodenum (12 inches long)
18
Q
Removal of materials from the body in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces
A
Elimination
19
Q
Breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules. This increases the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.
A
Emulsification
20
Q
Hard, outermost layer of a tooth
A
Enamel
21
Q
Chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances
A
Enzyme
22
Q
Tube connecting the throat to the stomach
A
Esophagus
23
Q
Substances produced when fats are digested
A
Fatty acids
24
Q
Solid waste; stool
A
Feces
25
Small sack under the liver; store bile
Gallbladder
26
Simple sugar
Glucose
27
Starch; glucose is stored in this form in liver cells
Glycogen
28
Substance (strong acid) produced in the stomach; aids digestion
Hydrochloric acid
29
Third part of the small intestine. From Greek word, meaning twisted.
ileum
30
Any one of four front teeth in the dental arch
Incisor
31
Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas, it helps transport sugar into body cells
Insulin
32
Second part of the small intestine
Jejunum
33
Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
Lipase
34
Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. Secrete bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn out blood cells; filters out toxins
Liver
35
Ring of muscles between the esophagus, and the stomach also called the cardiac sphincter
Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
36
Chewing
Mastication
37
Three large flat teeth at the back of the mouth on either side of the dental arch
Molar teeth
38
Roof of the mouth
Palate
39
Organ behind the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes
Pancreas
40
Small projections on the tongue, tastebuds are located within these
Papillae
41
Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
Parotid gland
42
Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs
Peristalsis
43
Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth, and for air from the nose
Pharynx
44
Large vein, bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
Portal vein
45
Enzyme that digests protein
Protease
46
Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels
Pulp
47
Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach near the duodenum. Originates from Greek word meaning gatekeeper it is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it
Pyloric sphincter
48
Distal region of the stomach opening to the duodenum
Pylorus
49
Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus
Rectum
50
Ridges on the hard pallet, and the wall of the stomach
Rugae
51
Digestive juice produced by salivary glands. Contains the enzyme amylase, which begins the digestion of starch to sugar.
Saliva
52
Parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands
Salivary glands
53
Lower, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum
Sigmoid colon
54
Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage, or closes a natural opening
Sphincter
55
Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus.
Stomach
56
Fat molecules, composed of three parts fatty acids, and one part glycerol. A subgroup of lipids.
Triglycerides
57
Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft pallet
Uvula
58
Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
Villi (singular: villus)
59
an/o
Anus
60
append/o
appendic/o
Appendix
61
bucc/o
Cheek
62
cec/o
Cecum
63
celi/o
Belly, abdomen
64
cheil/o
Lip
65
cholecyst/o
Gallbladder
(Don’t confuse with cyst/o: urinary bladder)
66
choledoch/o
Common bile duct
67
col/o
Colon
68
dent/i
Tooth
69
duoden/o
Duodenum
70
enter/o
Intestines, usually small intestine
71
esophag/o
Esophagus
72
faci/o
Face
73
gastr/o
Stomach
74
gingiv/o
Gums
75
gloss/o
Tongue
76
hepat/o
Liver
77
ile/o
Ileum
78
jejun/o
Jejunum
79
labi/o
Lip
80
lapar/o
Abdomen
81
lingu/o
Tongue
82
mandibul/o
Lower jaw, mandible
83
odont/o
Tooth
84
or/o
Mouth
85
palat/o
Palate
86
pancreat/o
Pancreas
87
peritone/o
Peritoneum
88
pharyng/o
Throat
89
proct/o
Anus and rectum
90
pylor/o
Pyloric sphincter
91
rect/o
Rectum
92
sialaden/o
Salivary gland
93
sigmoid/o
Sigmoid colon
94
stomat/o
Mouth
95
uvul/o
Uvula
96
amyl/o
Starch
97
bil/i
Gall, bile
98
bilirubin/o
Bilirubin (bile pigment)
99
chol/e
Gall, bile
100
Chlorhydr/o
Hydrochloric acid
101
gluc/o
glyc/o
Sugar
102
glycogen/o
Glycogen, animal starch
103
lip/o
Fat, lipid
104
lith/o
Stone
105
prote/o
Protein
106
py/o
Pus
107
sial/o
Saliva, salivary
108
steat/o
Fat
109
-ase
Enzyme
110
-chezia
Defecation, elimination of wastes
111
-iasis
Abnormal condition
112
-prandial
Meal
113
Difficulty in passing stools (feces)
Constipation
114
Frequent passage of loose, watery stool
Diarrhea
115
Difficulty in swallowing
Dysphagia
116
Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
Eructation
117
Gas expelled through the anus
Flatus
118
Passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
Hematochezia
119
Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes cause by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
Jaundice (icterus)
120
Black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood
Melena
121
Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit
Nausea
122
Fat in the feces
Steatorrhea
123
Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
Aphthous stomatitis
124
Tooth decay
Dental caries
125
Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus
Herpetic stomatitis
126
White plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
Oral leukoplakia
127
Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
Periodontal disease
128
Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
Achalasia
129
Malignant tumor of the esophagus
Esophageal cancer
130
Swollen varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
Esophageal varices
131
Malignant tumor of the stomach
Gastric cancer
132
Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
133
Protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it
Hernia
134
Open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
Peptic ulcer
135
Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
Anal fistula
136
Polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
Colonic polyps
137
Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both
Colorectal cancer
138
Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
Crohn disease (Crohns)
139
Abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall of the colon
Diverticulosis
140
Painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
Dysentery
141
Swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region
Hemorrhoids
142
Loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
ileus
143
Inflammation of the colon and small intestine
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
144
Telescoping of the intestines
Intussusception
145
Group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation) without structural abnormalities in the intestines
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
146
Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
Ulcerative colitis
147
Twisting of the intestine on itself
Volvulus
148
Gallstones in the gallbladder
Cholelithiasis
149
Chronic degenerative disease of the liver
Cirrhosis
150
Liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma
151
Malignant tumor of the pancreas
Pancreatic cancer
152
Inflammation of the pancreas
Pancreatitis
153
Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
Viral hepatitis
