Chapter 2: Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole Flashcards
Anabolism
Process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids. Ana- means up, bol means to cast, and -ism is a process
Process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids.
Anabolism
Process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released
Catabolism
Catabolism
Process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released
Structure surrounding and protecting the cell. It determines what enters and leaves the cell.
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Structure surrounding and protecting the cell. It determines what enters and leaves the cell.
Rod shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes.
Chromosomes ((There are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell, except for the egg and sperm cells, which contain only 23 individual, unpaired chromosomes.))
Chromosomes
Rod shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes.
Cytoplasm
All of the material that is outside the nucleus, and yet contained within the cell membrane
All of the material that is outside the nucleus, and yet contained within the cell membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA
Chemical found with each chromosome arranged, like a sequence of recipes in code. It directs the activities of the cell.
Chemical found with each chromosome arranged, like a sequence of recipes in code. It directs the activities of the cell.
DNA
Endoplasmic reticulum
Network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell. Here, large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces.
Network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell. Here, large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Genes
Regions of DNA within each chromosome.
Regions of DNA within each chromosome.
Genes
Karyotype
Picture (classification) of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. The chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure.
Picture (classification) of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. The chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure.
Karyotype
Metabolism
Total of the chemical processes in a cell. It includes catabolism and anabolism.
Total of the chemical processes in a cell. It includes catabolism and anabolism.
Metabolism
Mitochondria
Rod-shaped structures in the cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy (mini power plants) for the cell. *think MIGHTY mitochondria
Catabolism is the process that occurs in mitochondria.
Rod-shaped structures in the cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy (mini power plants) for the cell. Catabolism occurs here.
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Control center of the cell. It contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell.
Control center of the cell. It contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell.
Nucleus
Adipose tissue
Collection of fat cells
Collection of fat cells
Adipose tissue
cartilage
Flexible, connective tissue often attached to bones at joints. Cartilage forms part of the external ear and the nose. Rings of cartilage surround the trachea.
Flexible, connective tissue often attached to bones at joints. Cartilage forms part of the external ear and the nose. Rings of cartilage surround the trachea.
Cartilage
Epithelial cells
Skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs
Skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs
Epithelial cells
Histologist
Specialist in the study of tissues
Larynx
Voice box; located above the trachea
Pharynx
Throat. The pharynx serves as the common passageway for food (mouth to esophagus) and air (most to trachea).
Pituitary gland
Endocrine gland at the base of the brain
Thyroid gland
Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck
Trachea
Windpipe (tube leading from the throat and larynx to the bronchial tubes)
Ureter
One of two tubes each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder *hint: ureter has two e’s, and there are two ureters
Urethra
Tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
* hint: urethra has one e, and there is only one urethra
Uterus
Womb; the organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops
Viscera
Internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen
Abdominal cavity
Space below the chest containing organs, such as the liver, stomach gallbladder and intestines; also called the abdomen or peritoneal cavity
Space below the chest containing organs, such as the liver, stomach gallbladder and intestines; also called the abdomen or peritoneal cavity
Abdominal cavity
Cranial cavity
Space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull. Cranial means pertaining to the skull.
Space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull.
Cranial cavity
Diaphragm
Muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The diaphragm moves up and down and aids in breathing.
Muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
Diaphragm
Dorsal (posterior)
Pertaining to the back
Pertaining to the back
Dorsal (posterior)
Mediastinum
Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs
Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs
Mediastinum
Pelvic cavity
Space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder and reproductive organs. Pelvic means pertaining to the pelvis, composed of the hip bones surrounding the pelvic cavity.
Space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder and reproductive organs.
Pelvic cavity
Peritoneum
Double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum attaches abdominal viscera to muscles and functions as a protective membrane around the organs
Double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity
Peritoneum
Pleura
Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung. Pleural means pertaining to the plueura.
Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung.
Pleura
Pleural cavity
Space between the pleural layers
Space between the pleural layers
Pleural cavity
Spinal cavity
Space within the spinal column containing the spinal cord
Thoracic cavity
Space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs
Space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs
Thoracic cavity
Ventral
Pertaining to the front (anterior)
Right and left upper regions beneath the ribs
Hypochondriac
Middle upper region above the stomach
Epigastric
Right and left middle regions near the waist
Lumbar
Central region near the naval
Umbilical
Right and left lower regions near the groin. Also called iliac regions
Inguinal
Middle lower region below the umbilical region
Hypogastric
Contains the liver (right lobe), gallbladder part of the pancreas parts of the small and large intestines
Right upper quadrant
RUQ
Contains the liver (left lobe), stomach spleen, part of the pancreas parts of the small and large intestines
Left upper quadrant
LUQ
Contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter
Right lower quadrant
RLQ
Contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter
Left lower quadrant
LLQ
Division of the back: cervical
Neck region (C1-C7)
Division of the back: thoracic
Chest region (T1-T12)
Division of the back: lumbar
Loin (waist) region (L1-L5)
Division of the back: Sacral
Region of the sacrum (S1-S5)
Division of the back: coccygeal
Region of the coccyx (tailbone)
Single backbone
Vertebra
Backbones
Vertebrae
Bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity
Spinal column
Nervous tissue within the spinal cavity
Spinal cord
Pad of cartilage between vertebrae
Disc
Front surface of the body
Anterior or ventral
Away from the surface
Deep
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure
Distal
Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions
Frontal (coronal) plane
Below another structure; pertaining to the lower portion of the body
Inferior
Pertaining to the side
Lateral
Pertaining to the middle, or near the medial plane of the body
Medial
Back surface of the body
Posterior or dorsal
Lying on the belly (face down, palms down)
Prone
Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure
Proximal
Lengthwise, vertical plane, dividing the body or structure into right and left sides
Sagittal (lateral) plane
On the surface
Superficial
Above another structure; pertaining to the head
Superior (cephalic)
Laying on the back (face up palms up)
Supine (*hint: laying supine is on your spine)
Horizontal (cross-sectional) plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions
Transverse (axial) plane
Abdomin/o
Abdomen
Adip/o
Fat
anter/o
Front
cervic/o
Neck (of the body or of the uterus)
chondr/o
Cartilage (type of connective tissue)
chrom/o
Color
coccyg/o
Coccyx (tailbone)
crani/o
Skull
cyt/o
Cell
dist/o
Far, distant
dors/o
Back portion of the body
hist/o
Tissue
ili/o
ilium (upper part of the hip bone)
inguin/o
Groin
kary/o
Nucleus
later/o
Side
lumb/o
Lower back
medi/o
Middle
nucle/o
Nucleus
pelv/i
Pelvis
pharyng/o
Pharynx (throat)
poster/o
Back, behind
proxim/o
Nearest
sacr/o
Sacrum
sarc/o
Flesh
spin/o
Spine, backbone
thel/o, theli/o
Nipple
thorac/o
Chest
trache/o
Trachea, windpipe
umbilic/o
Navel, umbilicus
ventr/o
Belly side of the body
vertebr/o
Vertebra(e), backbone(s)
Viscer/o
Internal organs
ana-
Up
cata-
Down
epi-
Above
hypo-
Below
inter-
Between
intra-
Within
meta-
Change
-eal
Pertaining to (also: -iac, -ior)
-iac
Pertaining to (also: -eal, -ior)
-ior
Pertaining to (also: -eal, -iac)
-ism
Process, condition
-ose
Pertaining to, full of
-plasm
Formation
-somes
Bodies
-type
Picture, classification
